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Line 75: − Following two unsuccessful bids for Congress in the 1858 midterms and in 1860,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=8681 Candidate - John Alexander Logan]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> Logan was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]] from Illinois' at-large congressional district in the 1866 midterms by sixteen percentage points.<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=634056 IL At-Large Race - Nov 06, 1866]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> He was re-elected in 1868<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=629386 IL At-Large Race - Nov 03, 1868]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> and 1870,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=629384 IL At-Large Race - Nov 08, 1870]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> with considerably narrower victory margins of 11% and 8% respectively.+ − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Line 33:
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[[File:John Logan.jpg|right|150px|Gen. John Logan]]
{{Officeholder
'''John Alexander Logan, Sr.''' (February 9, 1826 – December 26, 1886), also known as '''Black Jack''', was an American General and a prominent Democrat-turned-Republican politician. He participated in the [[Mexican War|Mexican–American War]] and served in the Union Army in the [[American Civil War]]. Logan was later a U.S. senator from Illinois and candidate for Vice President of the United States during the [[United States presidential election, 1884|1884 presidential election]].
|name=John A. Logan
|image=John A. Logan portrait.png
|party=[[Democratic Party|Democrat]] (until 1867)<br>[[Republican]] (since 1867)
|spouse=Mary Simmerson
|religion=[[Methodist]]
|offices=
{{Officeholder/senator
|state=Illinois
|terms=March 4, 1879 – December 26, 1886
|preceded=Richard Oglesby
|status=f
|succeeded=Charles B. Farwell
}}
{{Officeholder/senator
|state=Illinois
|terms=March 4, 1871 – March 3, 1877
|preceded=Richard Yates
|status=f
|succeeded=David Davis
}}
{{Officeholder/representative
|state=Illinois
|district=At-Large
|terms=March 4, 1867 – March 3, 1871
|preceded=Samuel W. Moulton
|former=y
|succeeded=John Lourie Beveridge
}}
{{Officeholder/representative
|state=Illinois
|district=9th
|terms=March 4, 1859 – April 2, 1862
|preceded=Samuel S. Marshall
|former=y
|succeeded=William Allen
}}
{{Officeholder/representative
|state=Illinois
|district=5th
|terms=January 5, 1857 – January 3, 1859
|preceded=Thomas M. Sans
|former=y
|succeeded=James Hampton
}}
|military=y
|allegiance=[[United States]]
|rank=Major General
|branch=• [[United States Army]] (Mexican-American War)<br>• Union Army (Civil War)
|serviceyears=• 1847–1848 (U.S. Army)<br>• 1861–1865 (Union Army)
|commands=XV Corps
|battles=• [[Mexican-American War]]<br>• [[American Civil War]]
}}
'''John Alexander Logan Sr.''' (February 9, 1826 – December 26, 1886), also known as '''Black Jack''',<ref name=battlefieldtrustbio>[https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/john-logan John A. Logan]. ''American Battlefield Trust''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> was an American General and a prominent Democrat-turned-Republican politician. He participated in the [[Mexican War|Mexican–American War]] and served in the Union Army in the [[American Civil War]]. Logan was later a U.S. senator from Illinois and candidate for Vice President of the United States during the [[United States presidential election, 1884|1884 presidential election]].
Logan's name is mentioned in the [[Illinois]] State Song.
Logan's name is mentioned in the [[Illinois]] State Song.
==Political career==
==Political career==
Until the 1860s, Logan was a registered member of the [[Democratic Party]], and became a Republican out of support for the policies of the [[Radical Republicans]].<ref>Jones, John Pickett (1982). [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpkCCUxeyW8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois], p. 2–3. ''Google Books''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> He always held a disdain for the [[Confederacy]], forcefully denouncing them as traitors who instigated bloodshed and chaos.
[[File:John Logan.jpg|thumb|left|Gen. John Logan.]]
Until the 1860s, Logan was a registered member of the [[Democratic Party]] who was in line with Jacksonian policies,<ref name=battlefieldtrustbio/> though later became a Republican out of support for the policies of the [[Radical Republicans]].<ref>Jones, John Pickett (1982). [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpkCCUxeyW8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois], p. 2–3. ''Google Books''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> He held a disdain for the [[Confederacy]], forcefully denouncing them as traitors who instigated bloodshed and chaos.
Logan was a fierce advocate of ensuring and protecting the constitutional rights of blacks against Democrat infringements, fighting based on personal moral convictions. In spite of [[historical revisionism]] which suggests that this was merely political opportunism, Logan's vocal support for black suffrage had little to profit from.<ref name=p.xi>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. xi.</ref> According to his biography ''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'':
Logan was a fierce advocate of ensuring and protecting the constitutional rights of blacks against Democrat infringements, fighting based on personal moral convictions. In spite of [[historical revisionism]] which suggests that this was merely political opportunism, Logan's vocal support for black suffrage had little to profit from.<ref name=p.xi>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. xi.</ref> According to his biography ''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'':
===U.S. House of Representatives===
===U.S. House of Representatives===
Logan was first elected to Congress in the 1858 midterms and in 1860 as a Democrat,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=8681 Candidate - John Alexander Logan]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> and later elected yet again from Illinois' at-large congressional district in the 1866 midterms<ref name=battlefieldtrustbio/> by sixteen percentage points.<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=634056 IL At-Large Race - Nov 06, 1866]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> He was re-elected in 1868<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=629386 IL At-Large Race - Nov 03, 1868]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> and 1870,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=629384 IL At-Large Race - Nov 08, 1870]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> with considerably narrower victory margins of 11% and 8% respectively.
In the House, Logan emerged as an avid ally of Radical Republicans, frequently being quick to denounce Democrats as traitorous Confederates and [[Copperheads]] who dragged the nation into misery;<ref>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', pp. 9–10.</ref> this tactic was known as "waving the bloody shirt." Logan furthermore stated on voting rights for blacks:
In the House, Logan emerged as an avid ally of Radical Republicans, frequently being quick to denounce Democrats as traitorous Confederates and [[Copperheads]] who dragged the nation into misery;<ref name=p.9-10>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', pp. 9–10.</ref> this tactic was known as "waving the bloody shirt." Logan furthermore stated on voting rights for blacks:<ref name=p.9-10/>
{{cquote|Now I want some Democrat to give a reason why the Negro should not vote. I have read their speeches, and all they say is, "we don't want the n***** to vote" and turn up their noses as they say it. A gentleman from Congress from your state says the Negro does not belong to the human species. But they are are made the same as you and I; but they are black—that is all the difference. If they were not made by the hand of God, I would like to know by whom they were made... If you won't allow a man to vote because he has black skin, you have the right to say that I shall not vote because I have black hair. I don't care whether a man is black, red, blue, or white.|||Logan}}
{{cquote|Now I want some Democrat to give a reason why the Negro should not vote. I have read their speeches, and all they say is, "we don't want the n***** to vote" and turn up their noses as they say it. A gentleman from Congress from your state says the Negro does not belong to the human species. But they are are made the same as you and I; but they are black—that is all the difference. If they were not made by the hand of God, I would like to know by whom they were made... If you won't allow a man to vote because he has black skin, you have the right to say that I shall not vote because I have black hair. I don't care whether a man is black, red, blue, or white.|||Logan}}
At one point, a bill providing a million dollars in relief to destitute Southerners prompted debate in the House chamber. Logan and fellow Radical Republican Benjamin F. "Ben" Butler of [[Massachusetts]] opposed the legislation on the grounds that it would designate pensions for soldiers in the Confederate military.<ref>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 6.</ref> Basing his stance on both the "bloody shirt" political style in addition to opposing federal action pertaining to state relief, Logan stated:
At one point, a bill providing a million dollars in relief to destitute Southerners prompted debate in the House chamber. Logan and fellow Radical Republican Benjamin F. "Ben" Butler of [[Massachusetts]] opposed the legislation on the grounds that it would designate pensions for soldiers in the Confederate military.<ref>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 6.</ref> Basing his stance on both the "bloody shirt" political style in addition to opposing federal action pertaining to state relief, Logan stated:
{{cquote|Although there are many poor people in the Northwest, we do not understand that we have a right to come to Congress to be fed.|||Logan, late 1870s}}
{{cquote|Although there are many poor people in the Northwest, we do not understand that we have a right to come to Congress to be fed.|||Logan, late 1870s}}
====Johnson impeachment====
President [[Andrew Johnson]], a Tennessee Democrat who succeeded Lincoln as U.S. president, was opposed by Logan for opposing the Radical Republicans' Reconstruction efforts.<ref>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 16</ref> After Johnson fired Edwin M. Stanton in violation of the Tenure of Office Act, Logan helped lead the impeachment proceedings against the president.<ref>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 22–23.</ref> Citing both British and American precedents, he argued mostly on constitutional grounds in defense of the Tenure of Office Act, only "waving the bloody shirt" in his speech conclusion.<ref>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 25.</ref>
Although impeached by the House, Johnson would be acquitted by the U.S. Senate due to the defections of several Republicans.
====1868 presidential election====
In the [[United States presidential election, 1868|1868 presidential election]], Logan supported [[Ulysses S. Grant]], also a General of the Union Army.<ref name=p.27>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 27.</ref> For the vice presidential nomination, the contest was between Radical Republicans [[Benjamin Wade|Benjamin "Bluff Ben" Wade]] of [[Ohio]] and [[Schuyler Colfax]] of [[Indiana]].
Logan supported nominating Wade, who was viewed with suspicion by other Republicans due to his support for higher protective tariffs and a "soft" monetary policy.<ref name=p.27/> However, he also maintained cordial relations with Colfax, who was ultimately nominated to be Grant's running mate. The GOP ticket then won the general election in November, handing a defeat for the Democrats.
====Logan defends the spoils system====
{{stalwarts sb}}
Following the 1868 results, Logan returned to [[Washington, D.C.]] for the lame duck session before Grant would take office.<ref>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 33–34.</ref> During the Grant presidency, he opposed efforts to enact civil service reform, railing against a bill introduced by fellow Republican [[Thomas Jenckes]] of [[Rhode Island]] to enact such as being:
{{cquote|...bad in theory, wrong in principle, opposed to the genius and spirit of our institutions and our people, and probably unconstitutional.|||Logan}}
====Feud between Wade and Butler====
Sen. Wade on one occasion as president pro tempore was criticized for the manner in which he counted presidential electoral votes, and was faced with an introduced censure resolution by Rep. Butler.<ref>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 34.</ref> Logan, who was angry at Butler, outspokenly defended Wade and lauded his public service as "the vanguard of liberty and freedom." His speech received a substantial applause, and Wade later thanked him:<ref>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 35.</ref>
{{cquote|Logan, God bless you. I have come here to thank you for coming to my rescue today.|||Benjamin F. "Bluff" Wade}}
====Opposition towards high tariffs====
Unlike many Republicans, Logan did not favor a higher level of protective tariffs aimed at benefiting domestic business interests.<ref name=41-42>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 41–42.</ref> Advocating on behalf of farmer interests, he quarreled with colleague William "Pig Iron" Kelley of [[Pennsylvania]] over a bill and argued that protectionism did not aid the "laboring man." When lamented by Kelly of being unhelpful for the GOP, Logan retorted:<ref name=41-42/>
{{cquote|In my section of the country this is not regarded as a party question.|||Logan}}
Rep. Robert Schenck, the chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, implied that Logan lacked a full understanding on the issue of tariffs, and elicited the Illinois congressman's following reaction:<ref name=41-42/>
{{cquote|...the gentleman takes occasion all the time to 'pitch into' me, because I have... offered amendments to the bill.}}
Logan further referred to the tariff as an "atrocity" and Schenck denounced his forceful opposition towards the bill, which was described as "kicked to death by grasshoppers."<ref name=41-42/>
==Quotes==
[[File:Major General John A. Logan.png|thumb|right|200px]]
Logan at a Memorial Day address in DuQuoin, Illinois honored veterans of the Union military as men who:<ref>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 36–37.</ref>
{{cquote|...fought not only for the protection of our flag, but also for the preservation and perpetuation of Christianity in this land, for Christianity cannot long flourish where liberty is destroyed.|||Logan at Southern Illinois College}}
==References==
==References==
==External links==
==External links==
*[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1886/12/27/103654894.pdf John A. Logan.] – ''The New York Times'', published December 27, 1886
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-A-Logan Biography] at ''Britannica
*[http://logan-twp.org/about.htm The Township of Logan]
*[http://logan-twp.org/about.htm The Township of Logan]
*[http://www.usmemorialday.org/backgrnd.html Memorial Day History]
*[http://www.usmemorialday.org/backgrnd.html Memorial Day History]
[[Category:Former United States Representatives]]
[[Category:Former United States Representatives]]
[[Category:Former United States Senators]]
[[Category:Former United States Senators]]
[[Category:American Civil War]]
[[Category:American Civil War Commanders]]
[[Category:Stalwarts (Republican Party)]]
[[Category:United States Veterans]]
[[Category:United States Veterans]]
[[Category:Reconstruction]]
[[Category:Reconstruction]]