Changes

===Tommy Douglas and CCF===

===Tommy Douglas and CCF===

A new political movement emerged, the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF); its 1933 manifesto promised to eradicate capitalism and put in place a "full program of socialized planning which will lead to the establishment in Canada of the Co-operative Commonwealth."  Tommy Douglas (1904–86),<ref>See [http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/douglas_thomas_clement_1904-86.html ''Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan'']</ref>  a  Baptist minister from working class origins, led the CCF to power from 1944-61. Douglas headed the first socialist government elected in Canada, and is recognized as the father of socialized medicine and the leader who put democratic socialism in the mainstream of Canadian politics.   

A new political movement emerged, the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF); its 1933 manifesto promised to eradicate capitalism and put in place a "full program of socialized planning which will lead to the establishment in Canada of the Co-operative Commonwealth."  Tommy Douglas (1904–86),<ref>See [http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/douglas_thomas_clement_1904-86.html ''Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan'']</ref>  a  Baptist minister from working class origins, led the CCF to power from 1944 to 1961. Douglas headed the first socialist government elected in Canada, and is recognized as the father of socialized medicine and the leader who put democratic socialism in the mainstream of Canadian politics.   

The CCF won in June 1944 with a "Pocket Platform" calling for home ownership and debt reduction; increased old age pensions, mother's allowances, and disability care; medical, dental, and hospital services; equal education; free speech and religion; collective bargaining; and the encouragement of economic cooperatives. The CCF, while rhetorically socialist, did not nationalize banking or industry; it sought a mixed economy, including public, private, and cooperative sectors, with a strong role for private ownership in innovation and competition. In its first term the CCF passed a farm security act, and introduced the most pro-labour trade union act in North America. Saskatchewan became the first province to allow civil servants to organize unions (1944), the first to enshrine a bill of rights prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, colour, or creed (1947), the first to implement compulsory government automobile insurance (1946), and the first to institute a hospital insurance plan (1947).

The CCF won in June 1944 with a "Pocket Platform" calling for home ownership and debt reduction; increased old age pensions, mother's allowances, and disability care; medical, dental, and hospital services; equal education; free speech and religion; collective bargaining; and the encouragement of economic cooperatives. The CCF, while rhetorically socialist, did not nationalize banking or industry; it sought a mixed economy, including public, private, and cooperative sectors, with a strong role for private ownership in innovation and competition. In its first term the CCF passed a farm security act, and introduced the most pro-labour trade union act in North America. Saskatchewan became the first province to allow civil servants to organize unions (1944), the first to enshrine a bill of rights prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, colour, or creed (1947), the first to implement compulsory government automobile insurance (1946), and the first to institute a hospital insurance plan (1947).

===Recent history===

===Recent history===

Thatcher and his Liberals were reelected in 1967, but were defeated in a landslide by Allan E. Blakeney (1925-  )<ref>See [http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/blakeney_allan_e_1925-.html ''Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan'']</ref> and the NDP in 1971. The NDP was reelected in 1975, as the long-dormant Progressive Conservative party made a comeback. The NDP decided to nationalize the potash industry in 1976-78 by buying out 45% of the mining interests.  By 1979 the Crown Investments Corporation, the holding company for the crowns, had assets of $3.5 billion and revenues of over $1 billion. Nationalization was the central issue in the 1978 elections; the NDP held its own but the Liberals were wiped out and the Progressive Conservative party grew. Prosperity was at hand, with good prices for wheat and expansion of oil and uranium.  The NDP spent resource revenues to build on the social welfare legacy of the CCF. It introduced a guaranteed income supplement for senior citizens, a family income plan for the working poor, a children's dental service, and a prescription drug plan. Saskatchewan joined Alberta against Ottawa in the fight for control of natural resources.

Thatcher and his Liberals were reelected in 1967, but were defeated in a landslide by Allan E. Blakeney (1925-  )<ref>See [http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/blakeney_allan_e_1925-.html ''Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan'']</ref> and the NDP in 1971. The NDP was reelected in 1975, as the long-dormant Progressive Conservative party made a comeback. The NDP decided to nationalize the potash industry in 1976–78 by buying out 45% of the mining interests.  By 1979 the Crown Investments Corporation, the holding company for the crowns, had assets of $3.5 billion and revenues of over $1 billion. Nationalization was the central issue in the 1978 elections; the NDP held its own but the Liberals were wiped out and the Progressive Conservative party grew. Prosperity was at hand, with good prices for wheat and expansion of oil and uranium.  The NDP spent resource revenues to build on the social welfare legacy of the CCF. It introduced a guaranteed income supplement for senior citizens, a family income plan for the working poor, a children's dental service, and a prescription drug plan. Saskatchewan joined Alberta against Ottawa in the fight for control of natural resources.

Voters went to the polls in 1982 as the economy started slipping, with falling prices for wheat, oil, potash and uranium. The NDP was routed after a dozen years in power, dropping from 45 seats to 9 while the Progressive Conservative party took all the other 55 seats. The new premier was 37-year-old economist Grant Devine (1944- ),<ref>See [http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/devine_grant_1944-.html ''Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan'']</ref> who won with a simple populist message: the people should share in the wealth of the province rather than watch it contribute to the expansion of the 24 Crown corporations. The new government ended the 20% tax on gasoline and lower interest rates on mortgages. It was reelected in 1986 and began selling off crown corporations. The government said the companies would operate more profitably as private businesses. The opposition NDP warned that the sales would result in loss of control over the province's key economic sectors.

Voters went to the polls in 1982 as the economy started slipping, with falling prices for wheat, oil, potash and uranium. The NDP was routed after a dozen years in power, dropping from 45 seats to 9 while the Progressive Conservative party took all the other 55 seats. The new premier was 37-year-old economist Grant Devine (1944- ),<ref>See [http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/devine_grant_1944-.html ''Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan'']</ref> who won with a simple populist message: the people should share in the wealth of the province rather than watch it contribute to the expansion of the 24 Crown corporations. The new government ended the 20% tax on gasoline and lower interest rates on mortgages. It was reelected in 1986 and began selling off crown corporations. The government said the companies would operate more profitably as private businesses. The opposition NDP warned that the sales would result in loss of control over the province's key economic sectors.

After taking over balanced books in 1982, the Progressive Conservatives spent liberally on a number of voter-friendly initiatives, including tax rebates and mortgage subsidies, as well as investing millions in several money-losing megaprojects. The provincial deficit peaked at $1.2 billion in 1986-87, and the accumulated debt rose from $3.5 billion to $15 billion.  The Progressive Conservatives, based in rural areas and small towns, lost many rural voters after pushing through the unpopular U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement in 1989. As a result, the NDP was returned to power in 1991.  

After taking over balanced books in 1982, the Progressive Conservatives spent liberally on a number of voter-friendly initiatives, including tax rebates and mortgage subsidies, as well as investing millions in several money-losing megaprojects. The provincial deficit peaked at $1.2 billion in 1986–87, and the accumulated debt rose from $3.5 billion to $15 billion.  The Progressive Conservatives, based in rural areas and small towns, lost many rural voters after pushing through the unpopular U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement in 1989. As a result, the NDP was returned to power in 1991.  

Scandals involving top officials ruined the Progressive Conservative party, which suspended operations in 1997;<ref>"Saskatchewan Tories in Fraud Scandal", [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0011027 ''McClean's Magazine'' Nov. 18, 1996]</ref> conservative voters moved to the new Saskatchewan party at the provincial level,<ref>See [http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/saskatchewan_party.html ''Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan'']</ref>  and to the Reform party at the national level. The NDP won reelection in 1995 and 1999, and (in coalition with the Liberals) again in 2003.  Lerne Calvert (1952- ), an ordained minister,<ref>See [http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/calvert_lorne_albert_1952-.html ''Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan'']</ref> served as NDP premier 2001-2007.  

Scandals involving top officials ruined the Progressive Conservative party, which suspended operations in 1997;<ref>"Saskatchewan Tories in Fraud Scandal", [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0011027 ''McClean's Magazine'' Nov. 18, 1996]</ref> conservative voters moved to the new Saskatchewan party at the provincial level,<ref>See [http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/saskatchewan_party.html ''Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan'']</ref>  and to the Reform party at the national level. The NDP won reelection in 1995 and 1999, and (in coalition with the Liberals) again in 2003.  Lerne Calvert (1952- ), an ordained minister,<ref>See [http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/calvert_lorne_albert_1952-.html ''Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan'']</ref> served as NDP premier 2001–2007.  

Brad Wall (1965- )<ref>See [http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/wall_brad_1965-.html ''Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan'']</ref> became premier as his centre-right Saskatchewan Party took over from the NDP after a landslide victory in the November 2007 election. He announced his intention to retire in August 2017.

Brad Wall (1965- )<ref>See [http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/wall_brad_1965-.html ''Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan'']</ref> became premier as his centre-right Saskatchewan Party took over from the NDP after a landslide victory in the November 2007 election. He announced his intention to retire in August 2017.

*[http://esask.uregina.ca/about_encyclopedia.html  ''The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan: A Living Legacy.'' U. of Regina Canadian Plains Research Center, 2005. online]  1071pp in print edition

*[http://esask.uregina.ca/about_encyclopedia.html  ''The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan: A Living Legacy.'' U. of Regina Canadian Plains Research Center, 2005. online]  1071pp in print edition

* [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCESubjects&Params=A1 ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2008)] a very good starting point

* [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCESubjects&Params=A1 ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2008)] a very good starting point

* [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ ''The Dictionary of Canadian Biography''](1966-2006), scholarly biographies of every important person who died by 1930

* [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ ''The Dictionary of Canadian Biography''](1966–2006), scholarly biographies of every important person who died by 1930

* Archer, John H. ''Saskatchewan: A History'' (1980), a standard survey

* Archer, John H. ''Saskatchewan: A History'' (1980), a standard survey

* Barnhart, Gordon L., ed.  ''Saskatchewan Premiers of the Twentieth Century.''  Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, 2004. 418 pp.   

* Barnhart, Gordon L., ed.  ''Saskatchewan Premiers of the Twentieth Century.''  Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, 2004. 418 pp.   

*  Boswell, Randy. ''Province with a Heart: Celebrating 100 Years in Saskatchewan'' (2005) 224pp, popular [https://books.google.com/books?id=VzFG0DUdWjkC&pg=PA165&dq=intitle:saskatchewan&lr=&num=100&as_brr=3&sig=2OvsREue-RaVL7ZqZTiHMG1elho&vq=%22Saskatchewan%22&source=gbs_book_citations_r&cad=1_0#PPA3,M1 excerpts and text search]

*  Boswell, Randy. ''Province with a Heart: Celebrating 100 Years in Saskatchewan'' (2005) 224pp, popular [https://books.google.com/books?id=VzFG0DUdWjkC&pg=PA165&dq=intitle:saskatchewan&lr=&num=100&as_brr=3&sig=2OvsREue-RaVL7ZqZTiHMG1elho&vq=%22Saskatchewan%22&source=gbs_book_citations_r&cad=1_0#PPA3,M1 excerpts and text search]

* Friesen, Gerald.  ''The Canadian Prairies: A History'' (2nd ed. 1987)

* Friesen, Gerald.  ''The Canadian Prairies: A History'' (2nd ed. 1987)

* Pitsula, James M. "Disparate Duo" ''Beaver'' 2005 85(4): 14-24, a comparison with Alberta, Fulltext in [[EBSCO]]

* Pitsula, James M. "Disparate Duo" ''Beaver'' 2005 85(4): 14–24, a comparison with Alberta, Fulltext in [[EBSCO]]

* Richards, J. Howard and K.I. Fung, eds. ''Atlas of Saskatchewan'' (1969)

* Richards, J. Howard and K.I. Fung, eds. ''Atlas of Saskatchewan'' (1969)

*Waiser, Bill,  and John Perret. ''Saskatchewan: A New History'' (2005), 563 pp. the major scholarly survey

*Waiser, Bill,  and John Perret. ''Saskatchewan: A New History'' (2005), 563 pp. the major scholarly survey

* Leeson, Howard, ed.  ''Saskatchewan Politics: Into the Twenty-First Century.'' Regina: Canadian Plains Researcg Center, 2001. 425 pp.   

* Leeson, Howard, ed.  ''Saskatchewan Politics: Into the Twenty-First Century.'' Regina: Canadian Plains Researcg Center, 2001. 425 pp.   

* Pitsula, James M. and Ken Rasmussen. ''Privatizing a Province: The New Right in Saskatchewan.'' (1990), an attack from the left

* Pitsula, James M. and Ken Rasmussen. ''Privatizing a Province: The New Right in Saskatchewan.'' (1990), an attack from the left

* Rea, J. E. "The Wheat Board & the Western Farmer." ''Beaver'' 1997 77(1): 14-23. Issn: 0005-7517 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* Rea, J. E. "The Wheat Board & the Western Farmer." ''Beaver'' 1997 77(1): 14–23. Issn: 0005-7517 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* Smith, David E. ''Prairie Liberalism: The Liberal Party in Saskatchewan, 1905-71'' (1975) 352 pages

* Smith, David E. ''Prairie Liberalism: The Liberal Party in Saskatchewan, 1905-71'' (1975) 352 pages

* Spencer, Dick. ''Singing the Blues: The Conservatives in Saskatchewan.'' (2007) 259 pp.

* Spencer, Dick. ''Singing the Blues: The Conservatives in Saskatchewan.'' (2007) 259 pp.

====Social, economic, cultural themes====

====Social, economic, cultural themes====

*  Bennett, John W. and Seena B. Kohl. ''Settling the Canadian-American West, 1890-1915: Pioneer Adaptation and Community Building. An Anthropological History.'' (1995). 311 pp.  [http://www.questia.com/library/book/settling-the-canadian-american-west-1890-1915-pioneer-adaptation-and-community-building-an-anthropological-history-by-john-w-bennett-seena-b-kohl.jsp online edition]

*  Bennett, John W. and Seena B. Kohl. ''Settling the Canadian-American West, 1890-1915: Pioneer Adaptation and Community Building. An Anthropological History.'' (1995). 311 pp.  [http://www.questia.com/library/book/settling-the-canadian-american-west-1890-1915-pioneer-adaptation-and-community-building-an-anthropological-history-by-john-w-bennett-seena-b-kohl.jsp online edition]

* Bliss, Jacqueline. "Seamless Lives: Pioneer Women of Saskatoon 1883-1903." ''Saskatchewan History'' 1991 43(3): 84-100

* Bliss, Jacqueline. "Seamless Lives: Pioneer Women of Saskatoon 1883-1903." ''Saskatchewan History'' 1991 43(3): 84–100

* Bowen, Dawn Suzanne.  "'Forward to a Farm': The Back-to-the-Land Movement as a Relief Initiative in Saskatchewan during the Great Depression."  PhD dissertation Queen's U., 1998. 279 pp.  DAI 1999 59(7): 2660-A. DANQ27817 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]   

* Bowen, Dawn Suzanne.  "'Forward to a Farm': The Back-to-the-Land Movement as a Relief Initiative in Saskatchewan during the Great Depression."  PhD dissertation Queen's U., 1998. 279 pp.  DAI 1999 59(7): 2660-A. DANQ27817 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]   

* Calder, Alison and Wardhaugh, Robert, ed.  ''History, Literature, and the Writing of the Canadian Prairies.''U. of Manitoba Press, 2005. 310 pp.   

* Calder, Alison and Wardhaugh, Robert, ed.  ''History, Literature, and the Writing of the Canadian Prairies.''U. of Manitoba Press, 2005. 310 pp.   

* Cottrell, Michael. "The Irish in Saskatchewan, 1850-1930: a Study of Intergenerational Ethnicity." ''Prairie Forum'' 1999 24(2): 185-209. Counting both Catholics and Protestants Irish comprised 10% of the population

* Cottrell, Michael. "The Irish in Saskatchewan, 1850-1930: a Study of Intergenerational Ethnicity." ''Prairie Forum'' 1999 24(2): 185–209. Counting both Catholics and Protestants Irish comprised 10% of the population

* Dale-Burnett, Lisa, ed.'' Saskatchewan Agriculture: Lives Past and Present.''  Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, (2006) 205 pp. short biographies

* Dale-Burnett, Lisa, ed.'' Saskatchewan Agriculture: Lives Past and Present.''  Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, (2006) 205 pp. short biographies

*  Danysk, Cecilia.  ''Hired Hands: Labour and the Development of Prairie Agriculture, 1880-1930.'' (1995). 231 pp.   

*  Danysk, Cecilia.  ''Hired Hands: Labour and the Development of Prairie Agriculture, 1880-1930.'' (1995). 231 pp.   

* DeBrou, Dave and Moffatt, Aileen, eds.  ''"Other" Voices: Historical Essays on Saskatchewan Women.'' (1995). 166 pp.   

* DeBrou, Dave and Moffatt, Aileen, eds.  ''"Other" Voices: Historical Essays on Saskatchewan Women.'' (1995). 166 pp.   

* DeClercy, Cristine. "Women and the Public Sphere in Saskatchewan, 1905-2005." ''Prairie Forum'' 2007 32(2): 357-382. Issn: 0317-6282

* DeClercy, Cristine. "Women and the Public Sphere in Saskatchewan, 1905-2005." ''Prairie Forum'' 2007 32(2): 357–382. Issn: 0317–6282

* Dick, Lyle. ''Farmers "Making Good": The Development of Abernethy District, Saskatchewan 1880-1920'' (1989),  

* Dick, Lyle. ''Farmers "Making Good": The Development of Abernethy District, Saskatchewan 1880-1920'' (1989),  

*  Emery, George.  ''The Methodist Church on the Prairies, 1896-1914.'' (2001). 259 pp.   

*  Emery, George.  ''The Methodist Church on the Prairies, 1896-1914.'' (2001). 259 pp.   

* Palmer, Howard. ''The Settlement of the West'' (1977) [http://www.questia.com/read/105450556?title=The%20Settlement%20of%20the%20West online edition]

* Palmer, Howard. ''The Settlement of the West'' (1977) [http://www.questia.com/read/105450556?title=The%20Settlement%20of%20the%20West online edition]

* McCourt, Edward. ''Saskatchewan'' (1968) travel

* McCourt, Edward. ''Saskatchewan'' (1968) travel

* Millions, Erin. "Breaking the Mould: a Historiographical Review of Saskatchewan Women's History, 1880-1930." ''Saskatchewan History'' 2002 54(2): 31-49.  

* Millions, Erin. "Breaking the Mould: a Historiographical Review of Saskatchewan Women's History, 1880-1930." ''Saskatchewan History'' 2002 54(2): 31–49.  

* Olfert, M. Rose and Jack C. Stabler, "Rural Communities of the Saskatchewan Prairie Landscape." ''Prairie Forum'' 2000 25(1): 123-138. Issn: 0317-6282

* Olfert, M. Rose and Jack C. Stabler, "Rural Communities of the Saskatchewan Prairie Landscape." ''Prairie Forum'' 2000 25(1): 123–138. Issn: 0317–6282

* Parson, Edna Tyson. ''Land I Can Own: A Biography of Anthony Tyson and the Pioneers Who Homesteaded with Him in Neidpath, Saskatchewan'' (1981)  

* Parson, Edna Tyson. ''Land I Can Own: A Biography of Anthony Tyson and the Pioneers Who Homesteaded with Him in Neidpath, Saskatchewan'' (1981)  

* Pitsula, James M. "Muscular Saskatchewan: Provincial Self-identity in the 1920s." ''Saskatchewan History'' 2002 54(2): 6-17.  

* Pitsula, James M. "Muscular Saskatchewan: Provincial Self-identity in the 1920s." ''Saskatchewan History'' 2002 54(2): 6–17.  

* Rollings-Magnusson, Sandra. "Canada's Most Wanted: Pioneer Women on the Western Prairies." ''Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology'' 2000 37(2): 223-238. Issn: 0008-4948 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* Rollings-Magnusson, Sandra. "Canada's Most Wanted: Pioneer Women on the Western Prairies." ''Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology'' 2000 37(2): 223–238. Issn: 0008-4948 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* Taylor, Georgina M.  "'Ground for Common Action': Violet McNaughton's Agrarian Feminism and the Origins of the Farm Women's Movement in Canada."  PhD dissertation Carleton U. 1997. 617 pp.  DAI 1998 59(4): 1300-A. DANQ26870  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]

* Taylor, Georgina M.  "'Ground for Common Action': Violet McNaughton's Agrarian Feminism and the Origins of the Farm Women's Movement in Canada."  PhD dissertation Carleton U. 1997. 617 pp.  DAI 1998 59(4): 1300-A. DANQ26870  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]

* Thompson, Christian, ed. ''Saskatchewan First Nations: Lives Past and Present'' (2004), short biographies [https://www.amazon.com/Saskatchewan-First-Nations-Lives-Present/dp/0889771618/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1210345763&sr=1-6 excerpt and text search]  

* Thompson, Christian, ed. ''Saskatchewan First Nations: Lives Past and Present'' (2004), short biographies [https://www.amazon.com/Saskatchewan-First-Nations-Lives-Present/dp/0889771618/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1210345763&sr=1-6 excerpt and text search]