Date of the Exodus

The Exodus took place approximately 1441 B.C. when Moses led the Isrealites out of bondage from Egypt towards the Promised Land of Israel. The actual date with which this event took place has been the subject of serious study, speculation, and controversy. Currently, debate has centered on three dates: an early date of 1441 B.C.; a late date of 1290 B.C., and a date of 1550 B.C. postulated by historian David Rohl in his study of Egyptian dating, resulting in the controversial New Chronology.

Early date of 1441 B.C.

Amenhotep II, considered to be the pharaoh of the Exodus according to the 1441 B.C. date.

The early date of 1441 B.C. places the Exodus under the reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep II of the 18th Dynasty, and many scholars contend that this is the correct Biblical date. This has been denied by scholars citing Exodus 1:11 and other evidence; however, a careful survey of the Biblical narrative for the Exodus up until the time of Solomon, in addition to extra-Biblical evidence, places the Exodus event during the 18th Dynasty, rather than more than a century later.

1st Kings 6:1 states that Solomon began to build the Temple "in the 480th year after the children of Israel were come up out of the land of Egypt." Solomon had begun the Temple during the fourth year of his reign, or about 961 B.C. This agrees with modern archaeologists who established a rough timeframe for Solomon's reign (Albright, 958 B.C.; Thiele, 967 B.C., etc), making the date of the Exodus to have been about 1441 B.C. This date fits the timescheme as established by the Biblical narrative, and chronologists attempting to establish the later date of 1290 B.C. must thoroughly reject the 1st Kings verse, and by extention reject the chronology of the narrative in Judges and the early kingships in Israel as not being able to fit within contemporary history of that time. (Unger, pg. 332)

Contemporary history of Egyptian events also supports the 1441 B.C. date. The pharaoh who refused to allow the Hebrews to leave most certainly would have been Amenhotep II, who reigned c. 14550-1425 B.C. He was the son of the empire builder and conqueror Thutmose III, and Amenhotep lived off his father's largesse. It is also clear from Egyptian inscriptions that the son who succeeded him to the throne, Thutmose IV, was not his first born; this was indicated by the inscription on a slab known as the Dream Stele at the foot of the Great Sphinx:

• "One of those days it came to pass that the king's son, Thutmose, came, coursing at the time of midday, and he rested in the shadow of this great god. A vision of sleep seized him at the hour (when) the sun was in the zenith, and he found the majesty of this revered god speaking with his own mouth, as a father speaks with his son, saying: "Behold thou me! See thou me! My son Thutmose. I am thy father, Harmakhis-Khepri-Re-Atum, who will give to thee my kingdom on earth at the head of the living. Thou shalt wear the white crown and the red crown upon the throne of Keb, the hereditary prince. The land shall be thine in its length and breadth, that which the eye of the All-Lord shines upon. The food of the Two Lands shall be thine, the great tribute of all countries, the duration of a long period of years." [1]

Late date of 1290 B.C.

The late date of 1290 B.C. places the Exodus under the reign of Rameses II of the 19th Dynasty. This is reasoned by scholars based on the following objections:

• It is improbable that Israel would have entered Egypt before the Hyksos period. Abraham entered Egypt and moved about the land rather freely, including personal encounters with the pharoah during the Middle Kingdom (Gen. 13:10-12); Joseph also was in Egypt prior to the Hykso, as indicated by the Genesis narrative containing a strong Egyptian, and not Hyksos, style in the writing. There is also the fact that the Hebrews, when they settled in Goshen, were segragated from the Egyptians due to the fact that "every shepherd is an abomination to the Egyptians" (Gen. 46:34), something which under a Hyksos king would not have happened.
• The Biblical statement of Exodus 1:11 is supposed to place the event at 1290 B.C. This verse reads "...and they built for Pharaoh treasure cities, Pithom and Raamses", possibly indicating the reign of Rameses II during this time. The fact that the site of the city of Raamses was only called that from 1300 to 100 B.C. is not a settled argument in favor of the earlier date, as the site previously was known as "Zoan-Avaris" where the Israelites had served as slaves years before. Zoan-Avaris also flourished before the Hyksos were driven out at approximately 1570 B.C., leaving plenty of time for the Hebrew slaves to have built the earlier city after they arrived in c. 1870 B.C.
• The earlier date of the Exodus is disputed by evidence from Transjordan, Debir, and Lachish. The explorations of archaeologist Nelson Gleck demonstrated a gap in the population of this region between 1900-1300 B.C., which according to Gleck indicated that had the Israelites came up from Egypt during the Exodus, they would not have met the Amorites, Moabites, and Edomites which resisted their journey. However, there is nothing in the Exodus story demanding more than a simple, farming economy which left behind little to no evidence for the archaeologist, nor is there any evidence found at Lachish and Debir sufficient enough to set aside the Exodus narrative. (Unger, pp. 333-334)

References

• Unger, Merril F. Unger's Bible Dictionary, Moddy Press, Chicago, IL (1966)
• Rohl, David M. Pharaohs and Kings, Crown Publishers, New York, NY (1995), originally published in Great Britain as A Test of Time, Century LTD, London.
• Albright, William F. The Old Testament and Modern Study, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England (1951).