Changes

Finally, no discussion of the period would be complete without recognition of the enormous impact of the birth and growth of Islam, which swept across the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]] and into [[Spain]].  Islamic rule brought many changes to these areas, some for the worse, such as the suppression of the growth of Christianity and unchecked piracy throughout the Mediterranean, but others more positive, including encouraging the flourishing of the important Jewish academies in Sura and Pumbedita in what is now [[Iraq]], as well as important scientific developments in [[mathematics]], [[medicine]], [[astronomy]] and [[philosophy]].  Muslim scholars also translated many Classical texts into Arabic, thus helping to ensure their survival.

Finally, no discussion of the period would be complete without recognition of the enormous impact of the birth and growth of Islam, which swept across the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]] and into [[Spain]].  Islamic rule brought many changes to these areas, some for the worse, such as the suppression of the growth of Christianity and unchecked piracy throughout the Mediterranean, but others more positive, including encouraging the flourishing of the important Jewish academies in Sura and Pumbedita in what is now [[Iraq]], as well as important scientific developments in [[mathematics]], [[medicine]], [[astronomy]] and [[philosophy]].  Muslim scholars also translated many Classical texts into Arabic, thus helping to ensure their survival.

=The Time of the Barbarians (476-622)=

==The Time of the Barbarians (476-622)==

==Aftermath of Empire==

During the course of the 5th century, the Western part of the Roman Empire suffered a massive loss of authority, creating an opportunity for a number of Germanic tribes to enter and settle on Roman territory, creating kingdoms that were initially nominally subservient to Rome, but in fact were independent. The most prominent of these were the [[Franks]] in northern Gaul, the [[Visigoths]] in southern Gaul and Hispania, the [[Vandals]] in North Africa, and the [[Ostrogoths]] and (later) [[Lombards]] in Italy.  Finally,

During the course of the 5th century, the Western part of the Roman Empire suffered a massive loss of authority, creating an opportunity for a number of Germanic tribes to enter and settle on Roman territory, creating kingdoms that were nominally subservient to Rome, but in fact were independent. The most prominent of these were the [[Franks]] in northern Gaul, the [[Visigoths]] in southern Gaul and Hispania, the [[Vandals]] in North Africa, and the [[Ostrogoths]] and (later) [[Lombards]] in Italy.

===Hispania===

==Anglo-Saxon England==

===Gallia===

 

 

===Britannia===

In 410 AD, Roman armies in [[Britannia]] were recalled to the continent as part of one of the civil wars that plagued the late Empire. As a consequence, the Romans and Celts living in Britannia turned to hiring [[Anglo-Saxon]] mercenaries for military protection. The mercenaries, being the primary military force in the province, took control of England themselves and created a number of independent kingdoms, the greatest being [[Wessex]] in the south, [[Mercia]] in the [[Midlands]] and [[Northumbria]] in the north. The Anglo-Saxons were originally non-Christian, but were gradually converted to Christianity through the efforts of missionaries from Ireland and Rome.

In 410 AD, Roman armies in [[Britannia]] were recalled to the continent as part of one of the civil wars that plagued the late Empire. As a consequence, the Romans and Celts living in Britannia turned to hiring [[Anglo-Saxon]] mercenaries for military protection. The mercenaries, being the primary military force in the province, took control of England themselves and created a number of independent kingdoms, the greatest being [[Wessex]] in the south, [[Mercia]] in the [[Midlands]] and [[Northumbria]] in the north. The Anglo-Saxons were originally non-Christian, but were gradually converted to Christianity through the efforts of missionaries from Ireland and Rome.

=The Rise of Islam (622-751)=

 

==The Rise of Islam (622-751)==

 

 

 

 

===Merovingian Francia===

=The Carolingian Empire (751-843)=

===The Byzantine Empire===

==France and The Holy Roman Empire==

 

 

 

 

===France and The Holy Roman Empire===

Following Frankish custom, Charlemagne had intended to divide his empire between his sons after his death. However, only one of his sons, [[Louis the Pious]] survived their father to inherit him. But Louis left three sons when he died, and shortly after his death, they fell into civil war over the question of how to divide the inheritance. At the [[Treaty of Verdun]] in 843 AD, it was decided to divide the Empire in three parts. The western part would go to [[Charles the Bald]] while the eastern part went to [[Louis the German]]. The eldest son, Lothair received the Imperial Crown and a part of land wedged in between the other two. Finally, the son of Lothair received the [[Kingdom of Italy]], consisting of northern Italy down to the [[Papal States]].

Following Frankish custom, Charlemagne had intended to divide his empire between his sons after his death. However, only one of his sons, [[Louis the Pious]] survived their father to inherit him. But Louis left three sons when he died, and shortly after his death, they fell into civil war over the question of how to divide the inheritance. At the [[Treaty of Verdun]] in 843 AD, it was decided to divide the Empire in three parts. The western part would go to [[Charles the Bald]] while the eastern part went to [[Louis the German]]. The eldest son, Lothair received the Imperial Crown and a part of land wedged in between the other two. Finally, the son of Lothair received the [[Kingdom of Italy]], consisting of northern Italy down to the [[Papal States]].

This arrangement was never stable, and caused numerous wars in the following years. Eventually, the western part of the Empire became the Kingdom of France, while the eastern part became the Holy Roman Empire. The middle part, called Lotharingia, soon broke up, and was finally absorbed into the Holy Roman Empire in the beginning of the 10th century.

This arrangement was never stable, and caused numerous wars in the following years. Eventually, the western part of the Empire became the Kingdom of France, while the eastern part became the Holy Roman Empire. The middle part, called Lotharingia, soon broke up, and was finally absorbed into the Holy Roman Empire in the beginning of the 10th century.

=The Transition to the High Middle Ages (843-1000)=

 

 

 

==The Transition to the High Middle Ages (843-1000)==

 

[[Category:European History]]

[[Category:European History]]