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==Constitutional change==
==Constitutional change==
The Progressives tried to permanently fix their reforms into law by constitutional amendments, included [[Prohibition]] with the 18th Amendment and [[women's suffrage]] by the 19th amendment, both in 1920 as well as the federal income tax with the 16th amendment and direct election of senators with the 17th amendment. After Progressivism collapsed, the 18th amendment was repealed (in 1933).
The Progressives tried to permanently fix their reforms into law by constitutional amendments, included [[Prohibition]] with the 18th Amendment and [[women's suffrage]] by the 19th amendment, both in 1920 as well as the federal income tax with the 16th amendment and direct election of senators with the 17th amendment. After Progressivism collapsed, the 18th amendment was repealed (in 1933).
==Economic conditions==
The Progressive Era was one of general prosperity after the [[Panic of 1893]]--a severe depression--ended in 1897. The [[Panic of 1907]] was short and mostly affected financiers. However, Campbell (2005) stresses the weak points of the economy in 1907-1914, linking them to public demands for more Progressive interventions. The Panic of 1907 was followed by a small decline in real wages and increased unemployment, with both trends continuing until World War I. Campbell emphasizes the resulting stress on public finance and the impact on the Wilson administration's policies. The weakened economy and persistent federal deficits led to changes in fiscal policy, including the imposition of federal income taxes on businesses and individuals and the creation of the Federal Reserve System. Government agencies were also transformed in an effort to improve administrative efficiency.
==Progressive Politics==
==Progressive Politics==
* Mowry, George E. ''Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement''. (2001) standard history of 1912 movement
* Mowry, George E. ''Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement''. (2001) standard history of 1912 movement
* Sanders, Elizabeth. ''Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers and the American State, 1877-1917'' (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/Roots-Reform-American-1877-1917-Political/dp/0226734773/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196635183&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Sanders, Elizabeth. ''Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers and the American State, 1877-1917'' (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/Roots-Reform-American-1877-1917-Political/dp/0226734773/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196635183&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Wilson, Joan Hoff. ''Herbert Hoover, Forgotten Progressive'' (1965)
* Wilson, Joan Hoff. ''Herbert Hoover, Forgotten Progressive'' (1965), favorable to Hoover
==Business and labor==
==Business and labor==
* Campbell, Ballard. "Economic Causes of Progressivism." ''Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era'' 2005 4(1): 7-22
* Glad, Paul W. "Progressives and the Business Culture of the 1920s," ''The Journal of American History,'' Vol. 53, No. 1. (Jun., 1966), pp. 75-89. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28196606%2953%3A1%3C75%3APATBCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R in JSTOR]
* Glad, Paul W. "Progressives and the Business Culture of the 1920s," ''The Journal of American History,'' Vol. 53, No. 1. (Jun., 1966), pp. 75-89. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28196606%2953%3A1%3C75%3APATBCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R in JSTOR]
* Kolko, Gabriel. "The Triumph of Conservatism" (1963), Progressive reforms helped business
* Kolko, Gabriel. "The Triumph of Conservatism" (1963), Progressive reforms helped business