Difference between revisions of "IPA"
(New page: IPA is the ''International Phonetistic Assembly'', and their ''International Phonetistic Alphabeta'' shares that abbreviation.) |
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| − | IPA is the ''International Phonetistic Assembly'', and their ''International Phonetistic Alphabeta'' shares that abbreviation. | + | IPA is the ''International Phonetistic Assembly'', and their ''International Phonetistic Alphabeta'' shares that abbreviation. The IPA is used in text books, dictionaries as well as in the IPA Bible, a phonetic realization of the [[Bible|Holy Bible]]. The IPA is divided into consonants, vowels and consonant-vowels. IPA is often written between square hooks: []. |
| + | |||
| + | == Consonants == | ||
| + | Consonants are pronounced in the mouth. They are often harsher and sharper than vowels. Consonants occur in all the world’s languages, except in Western Angola.<ref>Chomsky, Noam (1964), ''Economical consequences of syndicalistic agriculture in the Oioae region of Angola.''</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Consonants are often said to be placed on a ''lingual continuum'', meaning that all parts of the tongue can be used to create consonantical sounds. Eg. the tongue touches the teeth in sounds like [t] and [s], it touches the palate in sounds like [y] and in languages like Arabic and Belgian, the entire tongue is temporarily swallowed to pronounce sounds such as the infamous Arabic ''ayin''. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Vowels == | ||
| + | Vowels are pronounced in the mouth and the nose. They are very soft and spongy.<ref>Ladefoged and Chomsky (1966), ''The three levels of sponginess in Western Shaka-Shamaka vowels.''</ref> Vowels are actually quite rare in the world’s languages outside of Europe, and during the Soviet era, they were banned in Caucasus, rendering languages such as [[Ubykh]] totally without vowels.<ref>Dumézil, G. (1975) ''Le verbe oubykh: études descriptives et comparatives.'' Imprimerie Nationale: Paris.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Vowels can be classified depending on the shape of the diaphragm, lung, tongue and lips. This is why is it so hard to talk and chew at the same time: there is simply too much vibration. The most common distinction between vowels is the position of the tongue on a vertico-horizontal scale inside the mouth (jocularly referred to as the ''buccal tongue hideout''). This can be illustrated thus: | ||
| + | |||
| + | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| + | |+ '''Vowel dimensionistics''' | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! | ||
| + | !Front | ||
| + | !Central | ||
| + | !Back | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | !Non-low | ||
| + | | ee | ||
| + | | Ø | ||
| + | | oo | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | !Low | ||
| + | | ai | ||
| + | | aar | ||
| + | | ou | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | In other languages, vowels like ''ie'' and ''oe'' are added.<ref>Bopp, Franz (1910), ''Weiche vokalen im Kara-Kora.''</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Consonant-vowels == | ||
| + | Some consonants are soft, therefore they are ordered under "consonant-vowels", as suggested by Franz Bopp in 1910.<ref>Hrozný, B. (1933), ''Two unusual vowels in the Panangarangasaaqil language of France.''</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == References == | ||
| + | <references/> | ||
Revision as of 19:36, March 22, 2007
IPA is the International Phonetistic Assembly, and their International Phonetistic Alphabeta shares that abbreviation. The IPA is used in text books, dictionaries as well as in the IPA Bible, a phonetic realization of the Holy Bible. The IPA is divided into consonants, vowels and consonant-vowels. IPA is often written between square hooks: [].
Consonants
Consonants are pronounced in the mouth. They are often harsher and sharper than vowels. Consonants occur in all the world’s languages, except in Western Angola.[1]
Consonants are often said to be placed on a lingual continuum, meaning that all parts of the tongue can be used to create consonantical sounds. Eg. the tongue touches the teeth in sounds like [t] and [s], it touches the palate in sounds like [y] and in languages like Arabic and Belgian, the entire tongue is temporarily swallowed to pronounce sounds such as the infamous Arabic ayin.
Vowels
Vowels are pronounced in the mouth and the nose. They are very soft and spongy.[2] Vowels are actually quite rare in the world’s languages outside of Europe, and during the Soviet era, they were banned in Caucasus, rendering languages such as Ubykh totally without vowels.[3]
Vowels can be classified depending on the shape of the diaphragm, lung, tongue and lips. This is why is it so hard to talk and chew at the same time: there is simply too much vibration. The most common distinction between vowels is the position of the tongue on a vertico-horizontal scale inside the mouth (jocularly referred to as the buccal tongue hideout). This can be illustrated thus:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-low | ee | Ø | oo |
| Low | ai | aar | ou |
In other languages, vowels like ie and oe are added.[4]
Consonant-vowels
Some consonants are soft, therefore they are ordered under "consonant-vowels", as suggested by Franz Bopp in 1910.[5]
References
- ↑ Chomsky, Noam (1964), Economical consequences of syndicalistic agriculture in the Oioae region of Angola.
- ↑ Ladefoged and Chomsky (1966), The three levels of sponginess in Western Shaka-Shamaka vowels.
- ↑ Dumézil, G. (1975) Le verbe oubykh: études descriptives et comparatives. Imprimerie Nationale: Paris.
- ↑ Bopp, Franz (1910), Weiche vokalen im Kara-Kora.
- ↑ Hrozný, B. (1933), Two unusual vowels in the Panangarangasaaqil language of France.
