Changes

The big Industrial Revolution began fully in 1760 in England.  Then, aided by the economic insights of Adam Smith, England’s economy continued to transform, grow and expand until 1840.

The big Industrial Revolution began fully in 1760 in England.  Then, aided by the economic insights of Adam Smith, England’s economy continued to transform, grow and expand until 1840.

A new form of literature also rose during this time, called Realism.  These stories told the dark side of the industrial revolution: the overcrowded, filthy conditions in which many workers struggled.  Many of Charles Dickens' classics, such as ''David Copperfield'', belong to this genre of literature, portraying the plight of the poor in 19th century England.

A new form of literature also rose during this time, called Realism.  These stories told the dark side of the Industrial Revolution: the overcrowded, filthy conditions in which many workers struggled.  Many of Charles Dickens' classics, such as ''David Copperfield'', belong to this genre of literature, portraying the plight of the poor in 19th century England.

===Where, When and Why===

===Where, When and Why===

The industrial revolution began in England in the cotton textile industry, with new machines for spinning and weaving fabrics.  England obtained much cotton from the South in the United States, where it was picked and separated into fibers by slaves on plantations.  The process of separating the good cotton from sticky seeds was difficult and time consuming when done my hand.  When Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in America, production of cotton soared and England’s factories bought up as much as the South could produce.  England also imported cotton from Egypt and India; India is famous for its brightly colored fabrics and it exported colored cotton known as calico.  (The South overestimated England’s reliance on the South’s cotton when it made the decision to secede from the North in the Civil War; the South mistakenly thought that England would be economically forced to help the South, when actually England had other good sources of cotton.)

The Industrial Revolution began in England in the cotton textile industry, with new machines for spinning and weaving fabrics.  England obtained much cotton from the South in the United States, where it was picked and separated into fibers by slaves on plantations.  The process of separating the good cotton from sticky seeds was difficult and time consuming when done my hand.  When Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in America, production of cotton soared and England’s factories bought up as much as the South could produce.  England also imported cotton from Egypt and India; India is famous for its brightly colored fabrics and it exported colored cotton known as calico.  (The South overestimated England’s reliance on the South’s cotton when it made the decision to secede from the North in the Civil War; the South mistakenly thought that England would be economically forced to help the South, when actually England had other good sources of cotton.)

England and the United States built canals to connect waterways and transport goods, and in 1807 American Robert Fulton started the first commercial steamboat service.  Macadam (smoothly paved) roads and turnpikes helped distribute newly manufactured goods.  In the early 1800s, the railroad also emerged as a powerful form of transportation.

England and the United States built canals to connect waterways and transport goods, and in 1807 American Robert Fulton started the first commercial steamboat service.  Macadam (smoothly paved) roads and turnpikes helped distribute newly manufactured goods.  In the early 1800s, the railroad also emerged as a powerful form of transportation.

In Islamic Egypt, modernization was attempted by the Ottoman ruler Muhammad Ali Pasha (1769-1849) and his grandson Ismail.  Muhammad Ali Pasha forced farmers to leave their farms and work on commercial plantations he established to export cotton and other crops to Europe.  But in the end, his government-planned industrialization resulted in a large debt to Western European countries, especially England.  In Russia, industrialization was encouraged by the completion of the trans-Siberian railroad in 1904, connecting Russian to China and Japan.  Japan was the only Asian country to successfully industrialize.  Under Meiji rule, the government invited foreigners to teach industrialization principles.  Businesses were sponsored and controlled by the government, and, when established, were then sold to private individuals.

In Islamic Egypt, modernization was attempted by the Ottoman ruler Muhammad Ali Pasha (1769-1849) and his grandson Ismail.  Muhammad Ali Pasha forced farmers to leave their farms and work on commercial plantations he established to export cotton and other crops to Europe.  But in the end, his government-planned industrialization resulted in a large debt to Western European countries, especially England.  In Russia, industrialization was encouraged by the completion of the trans-Siberian railroad in 1904, connecting Russian to China and Japan.  Japan was the only Asian country to successfully industrialize.  Under Meiji rule, the government invited foreigners to teach industrialization principles.  Businesses were sponsored and controlled by the government, and, when established, were then sold to private individuals.

There were two key aspects to the industrial revolution: technology and culture.  In technology, the industrial revolution began using iron and steel as basic resources, and developed energy sources such as electricity, oil and the steam engine.  Transportation benefited from the steam engine (invented by James Watt in the 1770s) and later the car and airplane (invented by the Wright Brothers in 1903), while communication benefited from the telegraph (invented by Samuel Morse in 1837) and (later) the telephone (invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876) and the radio (invented in 1895).  New machines such as the power loom and spinning jenny enabled mass production, and factories arose to divide labor and permit specialization.  Increase application of science to industry helped enormously.

There were two key aspects to the Industrial Revolution: technology and culture.  In technology, the Industrial Revolution began using iron and steel as basic resources, and developed energy sources such as electricity, oil and the steam engine.  Transportation benefited from the steam engine (invented by James Watt in the 1770s) and later the car and airplane (invented by the Wright Brothers in 1903), while communication benefited from the telegraph (invented by Samuel Morse in 1837) and (later) the telephone (invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876) and the radio (invented in 1895).  New machines such as the power loom and spinning jenny enabled mass production, and factories arose to divide labor and permit specialization.  Increase application of science to industry helped enormously.

Other factors also caused industrialization.  As farming techniques improved, each farm could obtain better yield or output from their land, and there was less of a need for so many farmers.  A few farmers benefited from “economies of scale,” which is when something can be doing more efficiently on a larger scale, like when a large store like Wal-Mart provides cheaper goods than a small store can.  In the early 1700s, there was an “enclosure movement” whereby wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land.  The enclosure movement led to improved crop production, such as the rotation of crops.  People began moving to cities, where they could more easily work in factories than on farmland.  In England, population growth caused former farmers or children of farmers to migrate from southeastern England to the northwest, where factories were being built.

Other factors also caused industrialization.  As farming techniques improved, each farm could obtain better yield or output from their land, and there was less of a need for so many farmers.  A few farmers benefited from “economies of scale,” which is when something can be doing more efficiently on a larger scale, like when a large store like Wal-Mart provides cheaper goods than a small store can.  In the early 1700s, there was an “enclosure movement” whereby wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land.  The enclosure movement led to improved crop production, such as the rotation of crops.  People began moving to cities, where they could more easily work in factories than on farmland.  In England, population growth caused former farmers or children of farmers to migrate from southeastern England to the northwest, where factories were being built.

England, the land of free enterprise and Adam Smith, had the perfect economic climate for the industrial revolution.  England had all of the necessary “factors of production” (a term for the resources of an economy: land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship) to become an industrialized economy.  There was plenty of money or capital to invest in new factories.  There were many entrepreneurs hoping to profit from new businesses.  There was sufficient land and natural resources, with the colonies of England providing raw materials as needed.  And there was also adequate labor for the factories:  the former small farmers.  Most of all, there was a world of customers around the world wanting to buy the manufactured goods, and England’s merchant navy traded with the entire world.

England, the land of free enterprise and Adam Smith, had the perfect economic climate for the Industrial Revolution.  England had all of the necessary “factors of production” (a term for the resources of an economy: land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship) to become an industrialized economy.  There was plenty of money or capital to invest in new factories.  There were many entrepreneurs hoping to profit from new businesses.  There was sufficient land and natural resources, with the colonies of England providing raw materials as needed.  And there was also adequate labor for the factories:  the former small farmers.  Most of all, there was a world of customers around the world wanting to buy the manufactured goods, and England’s merchant navy traded with the entire world.

[[Image:Luddite Leader.jpg|right|300px|Leader of the Luddites]]

[[Image:Luddite Leader.jpg|right|300px|Leader of the Luddites]]

Other countries lacked some of these factors of production, and it took decades or even a century to industrialize.  Historians claim that some countries, like Austria-Hungary and Spain, lacked the waterways needed by factories, or had too much hilly terrain.  But the real reason other countries did not industrialize as quickly as England and the United States is simple:  the other countries did not embrace free enterprise and the teachings of Adam Smith.  Industrialization depends on capitalism, free enterprise, and the benefits of competition.  In the United States, industrialization was enhanced by the structure of an entity known as the “corporation”, whereby investors provide capital without taking on risks any greater than the amount of their investment.

Other countries lacked some of these factors of production, and it took decades or even a century to industrialize.  Historians claim that some countries, like Austria-Hungary and Spain, lacked the waterways needed by factories, or had too much hilly terrain.  But the real reason other countries did not industrialize as quickly as England and the United States is simple:  the other countries did not embrace free enterprise and the teachings of Adam Smith.  Industrialization depends on capitalism, free enterprise, and the benefits of competition.  In the United States, industrialization was enhanced by the structure of an entity known as the “corporation”, whereby investors provide capital without taking on risks any greater than the amount of their investment.

Additional factors contributed to the industrial revolution.  Land declined as the major source of wealth, and more people could acquire different forms of wealth, such as cash, stocks, bonds or even intellectual property like books, music and paintings.  Man felt more confidence in controlling natural resources like oil and gas fields, and enjoyed exploiting nature for profit.  Political changes adapted to these social changes, and nations began to look to factories (which can make weapons) as the source of power.

Additional factors contributed to the Industrial Revolution.  Land declined as the major source of wealth, and more people could acquire different forms of wealth, such as cash, stocks, bonds or even intellectual property like books, music and paintings.  Man felt more confidence in controlling natural resources like oil and gas fields, and enjoyed exploiting nature for profit.  Political changes adapted to these social changes, and nations began to look to factories (which can make weapons) as the source of power.

If you are a businessman or investor, then you love the industrial revolution because it enables you to make money without being a farmer, and gives you access to all sorts of goods and products that might not otherwise be available, such as computers.  But some people, like Thomas Jefferson, felt that a farming lifestyle was important to the family unit and overall peace and well-being in society.  The industrial revolution did damage families and created a stressful lifestyle that exists today, such as many hours spent commuting to and from jobs each week.

If you were a businessman or investor, then you loved the Industrial Revolution because it enabled you to make money without being a farmer, and gave you access to all sorts of goods and products that might not otherwise be available.  But some people, like Thomas Jefferson, felt that a farming lifestyle was important to the family unit and overall peace and well-being in society.  The Industrial Revolution did damage families and created a stressful lifestyle that exists today, such as many hours spent commuting to and from jobs each week.

There was a movement against the Industrial Revolution in England, called the “Luddites”.  They even rioted against it, destroying machinery that they opposed (see image above).  Today the term “Luddite” is often to refer to someone who resists using new technology, such as the internet.

There was a movement against the Industrial Revolution in England, called the “Luddites”.  They even rioted against it, destroying machinery that they opposed (see image above).  Today the term “Luddite” is used to refer to someone who resists using new technology, such as the internet.

===The Effects of the Industrial Revolution===

===The Effects of the Industrial Revolution===

The effects of the Industrial Revolution included the growth of European nations in wealth and power and the increase of trade among nations.  Areas of the world participating in trade and industrialization grew closer together, and global interaction increased.  However, nations that resisted industrialization became increasingly isolated.  Colonization continued, with Japan joining Europe in the conquest of territories to obtain raw materials.  As aforementioned, the middle class increased and more people became interested in politics, which led to reforms and new policies.

The effects of the Industrial Revolution included the growth of European nations in wealth and power and the increase in trade among nations.  Areas of the world participating in trade and industrialization grew closer together, and global interaction increased.  However, nations that resisted industrialization became increasingly isolated.  Colonization continued, with Japan joining Europe in the conquest of territories to obtain raw materials.  The middle class increased and more people became interested in politics, which led to reforms and new policies.

Initially there were negative effects.  Poor working conditions existed for factory workers: factories were dirty and dangerous places to work and wages were low and hours were long.  But these initial problems among workers were lessened by the industrial reformation, by which quality and standards of living were greatly improved.  A wide range of products, which previously would have been impossible to attain, were now cheaply produced and available to the average citizen.  Real income — the actual purchasing power of money — greatly increased: people were able to buy much more with their money.  The middle class composed of shopkeepers, factory owners, civil servants and merchants grew immensely.

Initially there were negative effects.  Poor working conditions existed for factory workers: factories were dirty and dangerous places to work and wages were low and hours were long.  But these initial problems among workers were lessened by the industrial reformation, by which quality and standards of living were greatly improved.  A wide range of products, which previously would have been impossible to attain, were now cheaply produced and available to the average citizen.  Real income — the actual purchasing power of money — greatly increased: people were able to buy much more with their money.  The middle class composed of shopkeepers, factory owners, civil servants and merchants grew immensely.

However, many other problems arose.  Child labor increased and many families lived in crowded “tenements”, or apartments, which were unsanitary and often burned down in fires.  Urbanization — or the development and movement of people to cities — increased so rapidly that slums arose, garbage and sewage (there were no sewers) filled the streets and epidemics spread quickly.  Authors such as Charles Dickens in England and Victor Hugo in France wrote about the negative effects of industrialization.  In the U.S., the Confederate states bragged that slaves were treated better than northern factory workers.   

However, many other problems arose.  Child labor increased and many families lived in crowded “tenements”, or apartments, which were unsanitary and often burned down in fires.  Urbanization — or the development and movement of people to cities — increased so rapidly that slums arose, garbage and sewage (there were no sewers) filled the streets and epidemics spread quickly.  Authors such as Charles Dickens in England and Victor Hugo in France wrote about the negative effects of industrialization.  In the United States, the Confederate states bragged that slaves were treated better than northern factory workers.   

In response to many social problems, some insisted that government should control the economy.  Progressive taxation to redistribute wealth evenly among all citizens arose, and socialism became popular as a result of the industrial revolution.  But many others believed it was the responsibility of Christians, not the government, to care for the poor.  The social problems of industrialization inspired Christians to take action, especially in America and England.  [[Charles Haddon Spurgeon|Charles Spurgeon]] was a minister who attracted huge crowds in London and taught that faith without works is dead.  He urged Christians to take action and help the poor.  He participated in the establishment of Stockwell Orphanage in England in 1867.  In Germany, the Inner Mission was established by Johann H. Wichern in 1848.  In 1863, the Red Cross society was founded in Switzerland by Jean Henri Dunant, and an American Red Cross was subsequently founded by Clara Barton.  In Bristol, England, George Mueller spent his life working to care for youth delinquents, orphans, and anyone poor and needy.  The YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association), originally founded as a place for Bible study and prayer in England in 1844, found enormous popularity and spread to America.  In the 1860s, William and Catherine Booth founded the Salvation Army to provide food, clothing and shelter to the poor and homeless and spread the Gospel.  Many of these Christian institutions continue to exist today.

In response to many social problems, some insisted that government should control the economy.  Progressive taxation to redistribute wealth evenly among all citizens arose, and socialism became popular as a result of the Industrial Revolution.  But many others felt (and still feel) that churches and charity, not the government, care best for the poor.  The social problems of industrialization inspired Christians to take action, especially in America and England.  [[Charles Haddon Spurgeon|Charles Spurgeon]] was a minister who attracted huge crowds in London and taught that faith without works is dead.  He urged Christians to take action and help the poor.  He participated in the establishment of Stockwell Orphanage in England in 1867.  In Germany, the Inner Mission was established by Johann H. Wichern in 1848.  In 1863, the Red Cross society was founded in Switzerland by Jean Henri Dunant, and an American Red Cross was subsequently founded by Clara Barton.  In Bristol, England, George Mueller spent his life working to care for youth delinquents, orphans, and anyone poor and needy.  The YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association), originally founded as a place for Bible study and prayer in England in 1844, became enormously popular and spread to America.  In the 1860s, William and Catherine Booth founded the Salvation Army to provide food, clothing and shelter to the poor and homeless and spread the Gospel.  Many of these Christian institutions continue to exist today.

== Post-Industrial Revolution ==

== Post-Industrial Revolution ==

After the industrial revolution, many European nations extended their power through “[[imperialism]]”, which means one nation trying to control or heavily influence other people in another land.  [[Imperialism]] makes the bigger nation feel more powerful and more influential.  It can also be very profitable for the imperialistic nation as it exploits the natural resources and labor of the other people.  But subjugated people began to resent rule by another nation, and imperialism became a huge problem worldwide.

After the Industrial Revolution, many European nations extended their power through “[[imperialism]]”, which means one nation trying to control or heavily influence other people in another land.  [[Imperialism]] makes the bigger nation feel more powerful and more influential.  It can also be very profitable for the imperialistic nation as it exploits the natural resources and labor of the other people.  But subjugated people began to resent rule by another nation, and imperialism became a huge problem worldwide.

At least the above is how imperialism is usually described.  There is another side to this coin.  Imperialism could also be described a powerful nation trying to make things better for an underdeveloped region, by building hospitals and churches and distributing food, the Bible, and ideas that promote success.  The British colonization of America was imperialistic, but not all bad.  In fact, many would say that the British colonies brought much that was good to America, and that we are still benefiting from it today.  We will discuss imperialism again in more detail later in this lecture.

At least the above is how imperialism is usually described.  There is another side to this coin.  Imperialism could also be described a powerful nation trying to make things better for an underdeveloped region, by building hospitals and churches and distributing food, the Bible, and ideas that promote success.  The British colonization of America was imperialistic, but not all bad.  In fact, many would say that the British colonies brought much that was good to America, and that we are still benefiting from it today.  We will discuss imperialism again in more detail later in this lecture.

The last of the English classical economists was John Stuart Mill (1806-1873).  Homeschooled in an atheistic way by his father, Mill supported laissez-faire but with social reforms like redistribution of wealth, shorter working days, and regulation of monopolies.  Today he would be called a “moderate” due to his support of some government controls over the economy.  Mill was ahead of his time in advocating the development of labor unions and farm cooperatives, and emancipation (voting) by women.   

The last of the English classical economists was John Stuart Mill (1806-1873).  Homeschooled in an atheistic way by his father, Mill supported laissez-faire but with social reforms like redistribution of wealth, shorter working days, and regulation of monopolies.  Today he would be called a “moderate” due to his support of some government controls over the economy.  Mill was ahead of his time in advocating the development of labor unions and farm cooperatives, and emancipation (voting) by women.   

Mill advocated utilitarianism, a concept previously proposed by the atheist Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832).  Utilitarianism means that government should do whatever maximizes overall “utility” (benefits minus costs).  If killing one innocent man saves ten other lives, then utilitarianism would favor it.  Under utilitarianism there is no Christian morality, and it is replaced by comparing benefits versus costs.  Under this view government should experiment on embryonic stem cells today if benefits are greater than costs.<ref>John Stuart Mill admitted that his longtime love for a particular woman, who was married to another man for many years, influenced his views about morality, which depart from the Christian view.</ref>  In his book ''On Liberty'', Mill advocated that “the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others,” which is also contrary to most Christian views.

Mill advocated utilitarianism, a concept previously proposed by the atheist Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832).  Utilitarianism means that government should do whatever maximizes overall “utility” (benefits minus costs).  If killing one innocent man saves ten other lives, then utilitarianism would favor it.  Under utilitarianism there is no Christian morality, and it is replaced by comparing benefits versus costs.  Under this view government should experiment on embryonic stem cells today if benefits are greater than costs.<ref>John Stuart Mill admitted that his longtime love for a particular woman, who was married to another man for many years, influenced his views about morality, which depart from the Christian view.</ref>  In another book ''On Liberty'', Mill advocated that “the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others,” which is also contrary to most Christian views.

   

   

'''Socialism'''

'''Socialism'''

There were other new ideas during this time, not all of them good.  There was “utopian socialism,” which English and French philosophers proposed.  In England, Robert Owen (1771-1858) was the leading proponent, while in France Charles Fourier (1772-1837) was the leader.  They suggested the creation of self-contained communities in which the government owns the instruments of production (e.g., land and money), and politics is run by a voluntary, democratic process.   

There were other new ideas during this time, not all of them good.  There was “utopian socialism,” which English and French philosophers proposed.  In England, Robert Owen (1771-1858) was the leading proponent, while in France Charles Fourier (1772-1837) was the leader.  They suggested the creation of self-contained communities in which the government owned the instruments of production (e.g., land and money) and politics was run by a voluntary, democratic process.   

This led to the notion of “socialism” for everyone, not just self-contained communities.  Socialism developed as a so-called reform of capitalism.  Under socialism, government owns or controls many factors of production, including business property and money, and also controls the distribution of goods.  The invisible hand is replaced by government control, supposedly for the common good.  Workers are able to keep what they make as needed to survive.  The defect is that people no longer have as much incentive to work as hard, or as productively, as under capitalism.   

This led to the notion of “socialism” for everyone, not just self-contained communities, also developed as a so-called reform of capitalism.  Under socialism, government owns or controls many factors of production, including business property and money, and also controls the distribution of goods.  The invisible hand is replaced by government control, supposedly for the common good.  Workers are able to keep what they make as needed to survive.   

'''Communism'''

'''Communism'''

German thinkers named Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who were about to move to England, promoted the radical idea that all private property should be eliminated and that society would be better off under “communism”.  Karl Marx published these ideas in 1848 in a booklet called ''The Communist Manifesto''.  “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class [economic] struggles,” Marx declared in that book.  Later he developed a motto for communism: “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.”  Marx predicted that the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the wealthy in a capitalistic society, and then establish a new system that would be socialism in its early stage and pure communism in its later stage.  

German thinkers named Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who were about to move to England, promoted the radical idea that all private property should be eliminated and that society would be better off under “communism”.  Karl Marx published these ideas in 1848 in a booklet called “The Communist Manifesto.” “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class [economic] struggles,” Marx declared in that book.  Later he developed a motto for communism: “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.”  Marx predicted that the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the wealthy in a capitalistic society, and then establish a new system that would be socialism in its early stage and pure communism in its later stage.  

'''Evolution'''

'''Evolution'''

Another Englishman, Charles Darwin (1809-1882), promoted a theory of evolution.  Darwin’s own family considered him to be a disgrace, and felt that way even before he failed at an attempt to become a doctor.  His father later sought for him to become an Anglican parson (pastor), but Darwin abandoned the Christian faith instead.  He was unable to earn a degree in science and he struggled in scientific subjects such as physics (and math).  But after collecting some plant and animal specimens on a voyage (on the H.M.S. Beagle ship) around the world, in 1859 Darwin published a radical (and racist) book entitled ''On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life''.  It proposed that species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through “natural selection.”  Darwin had not observed any transitional forms (fossils reflecting evolution between species), and said his theory would fail if no transitional forms were found.  None have ever been found, but his theory is still taught anyway.   

Another Englishman, Charles Darwin (1809-1882), promoted a theory of evolution.  Darwin’s own family considered him to be a disgrace, and felt that way even before he failed at an attempt to become a doctor.  His father later sought for him to become an Anglican parson (pastor), but Darwin abandoned the Christian faith instead.  He was unable to earn a degree in science and he struggled in scientific subjects such as physics (and math).  But after collecting some plant and animal specimens on a voyage (on the H.M.S. Beagle ship) around the world, in 1859 Darwin published a radical (and racist) book entitled ''On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life''.  It proposed that species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through “natural selection.”  Darwin had not observed any transitional forms (fossils reflecting evolution between species), and he said his theory would fail if no transitional forms were found.  None were ever found, but his theory is still taught.   

The greatest scientists and mathematicians, from Louis Pasteur to Bernhard Riemann, viewed Darwin’s theory as absurd.  The French described Darwin’s theory as “a fairy tale for grown-ups.”  Darwin’s explanation for an evolution of the whale (a mammal) was that it somehow came from black bears swimming with their mouths open.  Darwin’s theory conflicts with the Flood, the fact that all mutations are harmful, the fact that species have been going extinct rather than being generated, and the fact that all unaided things become more disordered and scattered over time.  Today Darwin’s theory is most popular among people who, like Darwin himself, have some superficial education in science without any depth of study or insight.  Darwin’s theory ignores the vast beauty in the world; Darwin’s theory is based only on functionality, without any place for artistic design.

The greatest scientists and mathematicians, from Louis Pasteur to Bernhard Riemann, viewed Darwin’s theory as absurd.  The French described Darwin’s theory as “a fairy tale for grown-ups.”  Darwin’s explanation for an evolution of the whale (a mammal) was that it somehow came from black bears swimming with their mouths open.  Darwin’s theory conflicts with the Flood, the fact that all mutations are harmful, the fact that species have been going extinct rather than being generated, and the fact that all unaided things become more disordered and scattered over time.  Today Darwin’s theory is most popular among people who, like Darwin himself, have some superficial education in science without any depth of study or insight.  Darwin’s theory ignores the vast beauty in the world, as Darwin’s theory is based only on functionality, without any place for artistic design.

It was for political reasons that Darwin’s theory has been taught in schools, aided by frauds like the Piltdown Man (a fake fossil combination that was taught for 40 years has the missing link between man and apes).  Darwin, an Englishman, is promoted heavily in England and even buried next to Isaac Newton.  Germany also promoted the theory of evolution heavily until the Darwinists engaged in racial cleansing and experimentation to “perfect” the Aryan race under Adolf Hitler.  In the United States, evolution has been taught in public schools for nearly 100 years, yet 90% of Americans continue to reject the theory as it is being taught.

It was for political reasons that Darwin’s theory has been taught in schools, aided by frauds like the Piltdown Man (a fake fossil combination that was taught for 40 years has the missing link between man and apes).  Darwin, an Englishman, is promoted heavily in England and even buried next to Isaac Newton.  Germany also promoted the theory of evolution heavily until the Darwinists engaged in racial cleansing and experimentation to “perfect” the Aryan race under Adolf Hitler.  In the United States, evolution has been taught in public schools for nearly 100 years, yet 90% of Americans continue to reject the theory as it is being taught.

The link between Darwinism, atheism and politics grew in the late 1800s and became even stronger in the 20th century.  Beginning in 1887, social scientists were using the term “social Darwinism” to apply a barbaric survival-of-the-fittest theory to social situations.  Under this theory, the wealthiest or most powerful in society must be biologically superior, and less “fit” persons should die or simply be killed like weak animals.  Soon many began to view racial struggles, and war itself, as a perfectly natural example of survival-of-the-fittest in the human race.  The horrific wars of the 20th century, employing shockingly brutal tactics, were encouraged by a belief in survival-of-the-fittest among humans.

The link between Darwinism, atheism and politics was grew strong in the late 1800s and even stronger today.  Beginning in 1887, social scientists were using the term “social Darwinism” to apply a barbaric survival-of-the-fittest theory to social situations.  Under this theory, the wealthiest or most powerful in society must be biologically superior, and less “fit” persons should die or simply be killed like weak animals.  Soon many began to view racial struggles, and war itself, as a perfectly natural example of survival-of-the-fittest in the human race.  The horrific wars of the 20th century, employing shockingly brutal tactics, were encouraged by a belief in survival-of-the-fittest among humans.

Today, there is a strong correlation between belief in evolution and belief in a controlling government.  England was the strongest nation in the world at the time of Darwin, but its embrace of forms of evolution and then socialism weakened it dramatically.  The United States, where the vast majority has always rejected Darwinism, rose from being a relatively weak country at the time of Darwin to becoming by far the strongest nation today.

Today, there is a strong correlation between belief in evolution and belief in a controlling government.  England was the strongest nation in the world at the time of Darwin, but its embrace of forms of socialism and evolution weakened it dramatically.  The United States, where the vast majority has always rejected Darwinism, rose from being a relatively weak country at the time of Darwin to becoming by far the strongest nation today.

'''Social Reform'''

'''Social Reform'''

The abolition movement, which was motivated mostly by Christianity rather than by non-Christian reform movements, wiped out slavery and slave trade in much of the world by 1888.   

The abolition movement, which was motivated mostly by Christianity rather than by non-Christian reform movements, wiped out slavery and slave trade in much of the world by 1888.   

Other social reforms in the late 1800s included “free” public education in Western Europe, Japan and the United States (you might disagree whether public schools qualify as a “reform”); rehabilitation for prisoners; and child labor laws to control working conditions for children.   

Reforms, or so-called reforms, in the late 1800s included “free” public education in Western Europe, Japan and the United States; rehabilitation for prisoners; and child labor laws to control working conditions for children.   

In 1848, women suffragettes (supporters of the right to vote for women) met in Seneca Falls, New York, where they issued their own version of the Declaration of Independence called the “Declaration of Sentiments.”  Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott of the United States and the British Emmeline Pankhurst protested for suffrage.  Britain and the United States gave the right to vote to all women shortly after World War I.

In 1848, women suffragettes (supporters of the right to vote for women) met in Seneca Falls, New York, where they issued their own version of the Declaration of Independence called the “Declaration of Sentiments.”  Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott of the United States and the British Emmeline Pankhurst protested for suffrage.  Britain and the United States gave the right to vote to all women shortly after World War I.

'''Growth in Democracy'''

'''Growth in Democracy'''

The industrial revolution led to the growth of cities, which in turn led to demands for greater amounts of democracy or “suffrage” (rights to vote).  In England the right to vote was limited to those who owned property, until Parliament reduced these restrictions with the Reform Bill of 1832.  That reform also eliminated “rotten boroughs,” in which relatively few residents had the power to elect a representative with the same vote as much bigger districts.  Parliament then redistricted the cities to reflect their growing populations.

The industrial revolution led to the growth of cities, which in turn led to demands for greater amounts of democracy or “suffrage” (rights to vote).  In England the right to vote was limited to those who owned property until Parliament reduced these restrictions with the Reform Bill of 1832.  That reform also eliminated “rotten boroughs,” in which relatively few residents had the power to elect a representative with the same vote as much bigger districts.  Parliament then redistricted the cities to reflect their growing populations.

By 1838 the Chartist movement demanded that Parliament extend suffrage to all men based on the secret ballot.  The Chartist movement also sought annual elections for Parliament, salaries for its members (so that the middle class could afford to serve), and the elimination of property requirements as a condition for belonging to Parliament.  But Parliament did not enact these reforms until 1900.

By 1838 the Chartist movement demanded that Parliament extend suffrage to all men based on the secret ballot.  The Chartist movement also sought annual elections for Parliament, salaries for its members (so that the middle class could afford to serve), and the elimination of property requirements as a condition for belonging to Parliament.  But Parliament did not enact these reforms until 1900.

Marie Curie, a brilliant female Polish scientist who moved to Paris, discovered radioactivity along with her (less-talented) husband Pierre.  Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, put together the periodic table of elements that is still taught today.  British physician Joseph Lister applied Pasteur’s germ theory of disease and implemented an antibacterial cleaning technique for hospital tools and facilities, greatly reducing the number of infections.

Marie Curie, a brilliant female Polish scientist who moved to Paris, discovered radioactivity along with her (less-talented) husband Pierre.  Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, put together the periodic table of elements that is still taught today.  British physician Joseph Lister applied Pasteur’s germ theory of disease and implemented an antibacterial cleaning technique for hospital tools and facilities, greatly reducing the number of infections.

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==Nationalism==

==Nationalism==

Nationalism was a concept that arose around the same time as Romanticism.<ref>Romanticism was an artistic and literary movement in the late 1700s that emphasized emotions, including upheaval and awe.</ref>  Nationalists believed loyalty to one’s nation was of utmost importance.  They felt that society should be viewed as a whole, rather than as being made up of individuals.  In Germany and Italy, nationalism inspired unification, where only loose connections had existed before (recall that Germany and Italy became nations much later than France and England).   

Nationalism was a concept that arose around the same time as Romanticism.<ref>Romanticism was an artistic and literary style in the late 1700s that emphasized emotion and upheaval.</ref>  Nationalists believed loyalty to one’s nation was of utmost importance.  They felt that society should be viewed as a whole, rather than as being made up of individuals.  In Germany and Italy, nationalism inspired unification, where only loose connections had existed before (recall that Germany and Italy became nations much later than France and England).   

The Congress of Vienna had left the independent city-states of Italy under Austrian control in the north and Spanish control in the south, and had established Germany as a weak confederation of 39 states.  But nationalism in the 19th century (1800s) changed all this.

The Congress of Vienna had left the independent city-states of Italy under Austrian control in the north and Spanish control in the south, and had established Germany as a weak confederation of 39 states.  But nationalism in the 19th century (1800s) changed all this.

Some in Latin America complain about imperialism by the United States there.  After the French unsuccessfully attempted in the 1880s to build a canal across the thin isthmus of Panama to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Americans were ready to apply our “can do” determination and innovation to the project.  President Teddy Roosevelt rejected a demand by Colombia to sell the land to us, and waited until after Panama won its independence from Colombia.  Panama then granted the United States a ten-mile-wide path across its country.  The United States completed the Panama Canal in 1914 and it became an instant success for shipping.

Some in Latin America complain about imperialism by the United States there.  After the French unsuccessfully attempted in the 1880s to build a canal across the thin isthmus of Panama to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Americans were ready to apply our “can do” determination and innovation to the project.  President Teddy Roosevelt rejected a demand by Colombia to sell the land to us, and waited until after Panama won its independence from Colombia.  Panama then granted the United States a ten-mile-wide path across its country.  The United States completed the Panama Canal in 1914 and it became an instant success for shipping.

Democratic President Jimmy Carter arranged for the United States to agree to give the canal back to Panama, even though Americans paid for its construction.  The transfer of the Canal back to Panama began in 1979 and culminated in 1999.  President Carter claimed the Canal was part of improper imperialism or colonization by the United States in Latin America.  In New Jersey, a Republican Senator who favored the give-back treaty was defeated in his own primary for reelection, reflecting enormous public disapproval of the treaty.  Today Panama allows communist China to run the canal, making many wonder if the United States would even be able to use it again in wartime.

Democratic President Jimmy Carter arranged for the United States to agree to give the canal back to Panama in the late 1900s, even though Americans paid for its construction.  President Carter claimed the Canal was part of improper imperialism or colonization by the United States in Latin America.  In New Jersey, a Republican Senator who favored the give-back treaty was defeated in his own primary for reelection, reflecting enormous public disapproval of the treaty.  Today Panama allows communist China to run the canal.

The Monroe Doctrine has an important corollary today, known as the Roosevelt Corollary, announced by the aggressive President Teddy Roosevelt in 1904.  Under the Roosevelt Corollary the United States may intervene in and occupy any country in Latin America to protect interests of the United States.  Communism remains a threat to the United States in the Latin American countries of Cuba and Venezuela, and in recent years the president of Venezuela (Hugo Chavez) called President Bush the “devil” in a speech given before the United Nations.  In December 2006, Chavez then won a landslide reelection in Venezuela, and promised more socialism for that country and perhaps others in the region.

The Monroe Doctrine has an important corollary today, known as the Roosevelt Corollary, announced by the aggressive President Teddy Roosevelt in 1904.  Under the Roosevelt Corollary the United States may intervene in and occupy any country in Latin America to protect interests of the United States.  Communism remains a threat to the United States in the Latin American countries of Cuba and Venezuela, and in recent years the president of Venezuela (Hugo Chavez) called President Bush the “devil” in a speech given before the United Nations.

=== British India ===

=== British India ===