Swiss-born Philip Schaff (1819-93) became a leading theologian and church historian in America. He returned often to Europe after his 1844 emigration to the U.S. Schaff's life was remarkably consistent and resilient; as he emigrated, he absorbed a moderate many American traits, adapting to the new world culture with ease, but maintained close intellectual and social ties with Germany. Schaff formulated a developmental, organic, providential view of history and a unique mediating evangelical theology that accommodated such figures as Hegel and [[Schleiermacher]], tolerated liberal positions, yet remained nevertheless orthodox and fundamentalistic.<ref> Gary Keith Pranger, "Philip Schaff (1819-1893): Portrait of an Immigrant Theologian." PhD dissertation U. of Illinois, Chicago 1987. 427 pp. DAI 1988 48(9): 2437-A. DA8726098 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]</ref>
[[File:Luther1850.jpg|thumb|320px| 1850 census map shows rural Lutheran population. Nearly all were German since few Scandinavians had arrived yet.]]
Before 1800, [[Amish]], [[Mennonite]]s (from Witzerland), and Hutterite arrived in groups and formed closed communities in Pennsylvania; they are still in existence today and some still speak dialects of German. They set out branches into the Midwest. [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] was born into a one such community in Abilene, Kansas.