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Line 10: + + + + + − Rationing and related controls since 1914 have been accompanied by intensive propaganda campaigns sponsored by the government.<ref> Frank W. Fox, ''Madison Avenue Goes to War: The Strange Military Career of American Advertising, 1941-45,'' (1975)</ref>+ + + +
→Australia
==World War II==
==World War II==
Rationing and related controls since 1914 have been accompanied by intensive propaganda campaigns sponsored by the government.<ref> Frank W. Fox, ''Madison Avenue Goes to War: The Strange Military Career of American Advertising, 1941-45,'' (1975)</ref>
===Australia===
===Australia===
* see also [[John Curtin]]
* [[History of Australia]]
Essential goods requiring coupons were clothing, shoes, butter, tea, sugar, gasoline, and (from January 1944) meat. Clothing and footwear were rationed in June 1942, imposing a cut of about 40% on normal purchases for men and 33% for women, and 20% for children over five. Tea was rationed at 2 ozs. a week, sugar 1 lb. a week, butter 8 ozs. a week. Rationed at source of distribution were cigarettes, and tobacco, supplies of which have been cut 30 per cent; beer and spirits, cut one-third. Automobile tires were tightly controlled and available only to essential users.
Essential goods requiring coupons were clothing, shoes, butter, tea, sugar, gasoline, and (from January 1944) meat. Clothing and footwear were rationed in June 1942, imposing a cut of about 40% on normal purchases for men and 33% for women, and 20% for children over five. Tea was rationed at 2 ozs. a week, sugar 1 lb. a week, butter 8 ozs. a week. Rationed at source of distribution were cigarettes, and tobacco, supplies of which have been cut 30 per cent; beer and spirits, cut one-third. Automobile tires were tightly controlled and available only to essential users.
Canberra exerted strict controls on civilian investment. The Capital Issues Board had to approve whenever a business wanted to raise capital; it had to be necessary for wartime. Normal housing construction was ended except for war workers. To prevent excessive speculation, share prices on stock exchanges were given upper and lower limits. Similar control was exercised over dealings in houses and land.
Wages were pegged at the general level as of February 1942. Wages were not frozen, for they could be raised in terms of the rising cost of living. The Manpower Directorate, which regulates the supply of labor for every activity, diverting it from less essential to more essential uses, and so decreasing or increasing production as war needs require.
===United States===
===United States===