Changes

The '''Grange''' or '''Patrons of Husbandry''' is an American organization of farmers that was founded by Oliver H. Kelley in 1867; it spread across the U.S. and canada, and is still active. Grangers were modernizers who wanted to use modern science to make the farms more efficient and business-like. The used the county fair and state fair as an important agent of modernization, demonstrating to farmers the latest in agricultural equipment and techniques, in addition to providing political speeches from a great variety of persuasions, and different types of entertainment for every member of the family.  

The '''Grange''' (officially the '''National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry''') is an American organization of farmers that was founded by Oliver H. Kelley in 1867; it spread across the U.S. and Canada, and is still active.  

 

Grangers were modernizers who wanted to use modern science to make the farms more efficient and business-like. Its programs helped the farmer and the farm wife become up-to-date with technology and new methods. The used the county fair and state fair as an important agent of modernization, demonstrating to farmers the latest in agricultural equipment and techniques, in addition to providing political speeches from a great variety of persuasions, and different types of entertainment for every member of the family. It promoted rural schools and state agricultural colleges. When the agricultural colleges opened extension offices in most counties after 1917, the Grange was upstaged by the [[American Farm Bureau Federation]], which was closely linked with the extension service.  

[[File:Yeoman.jpg|thumb|300px|romantic image of hard-working, prosperous, independent yeoman farmer; from 1873 Grange poster]]

[[File:Yeoman.jpg|thumb|300px|romantic image of hard-working, prosperous, independent yeoman farmer; from 1873 Grange poster]]

==Politics==

==Politics==

The Grange generally avoided politics before 1900, but in 1881 it strongly opposed the nomination of Stanley Matthews (1824-89) to the U.S. Supreme Court, because his ties to the railroad industry could endanger state laws regulating freight rates. Matthews was confirmed in the Senate by a single vote after the Grange lobbied vigorously in opposition through its publications and its state organizations.  

The Grange generally was nonpartisan, so that it could attract members across party lines.  However it often sent petitions and statements to state legislatures and Congress. The '''Granger Laws''' were state regulations of railroad rates, passed by state legislatures in the Midwest in the 1870s in response to Granger demands.<ref> They were passed in  Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.</ref>  The Supreme Court upheld them in  [[Munn v. Illinois]] (1877), but said the states could not regulate interstate railroads in [[Wabash v. Illinois]] (1886). State regulation was replaced later by federal laws. In 1881 it strongly opposed the nomination of Stanley Matthews (1824-89) to the U.S. Supreme Court, because his ties to the railroad industry could endanger state laws regulating freight rates. Matthews was confirmed in the Senate by a single vote after the Grange lobbied vigorously in opposition through its publications and its state organizations.  

Independent farmers in the northeast and California, led by Nahum Bachelder and the National Grange, were a significant force in the [[Progressive Movement]] of the early 20th century. Bachelder, a New Hampshire farmer, joined the Grange in 1877, and was Republican governor of New Hampshire in 1903 and 1904. Under his leadership the Grange grew from 285,000 dues-paying members in 1905 to one million members in 1911, and it wielded considerable influence with the Republican Party. The Grange's reputation suffered, however, from revelations in 1911 that two lobbyists had manipulated it. The Grange's influence declined quickly and Bachelder retired from it altogether.<ref>A. R. Riggs, and Tom Velk, "New Hampshire Governor Nahum J. Bachelder and the Grange in Progressive Politics, 1905-1912," ''Historical New Hampshire'' 2000 55(3-4): 76-89, </ref>  

Independent farmers in the northeast and California, led by Nahum Bachelder and the National Grange, were a significant force in the [[Progressive Movement]] of the early 20th century. Bachelder, a New Hampshire farmer, joined the Grange in 1877, and was Republican governor of New Hampshire in 1903 and 1904. Under his leadership the Grange grew from 285,000 dues-paying members in 1905 to one million members in 1911, and it wielded considerable influence with the Republican Party. The Grange's reputation suffered, however, from revelations in 1911 that two lobbyists had manipulated it. The Grange's influence declined quickly and Bachelder retired from it altogether.<ref>A. R. Riggs, and Tom Velk, "New Hampshire Governor Nahum J. Bachelder and the Grange in Progressive Politics, 1905-1912," ''Historical New Hampshire'' 2000 55(3-4): 76-89, </ref>  

==Women==

==Women==

Women actively participated in the Grange and the Farmers' Alliance. The Grange is usually depicted as strongly and consistently supporting equal rights and suffrage for women. Actually, it was only the persistence of feminists within the organization that eventually brought it to that position. In its early days, the Grange provided considerable equality to women within the organization but emphasized their domestic role. As women assumed more leadership positions and the prohibition movement became important within the Grange, feminists were able to convince the national organization to support women's suffrage in 1885, though that support wavered over the next 30 years.<ref> Donald B. Marti, "Sisters of the Grange: Rural Feminism in the Late Nineteenth Century," ''Agricultural History'', Vol. 58, No. 3, (July 1984) pp. 247-261 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3743078 in JSTOR]; Marilyn P. Watkins, "Political Activism and Community-Building among Alliance and Grange Women in Western Washington, 1892-1925," ''Agricultural History,'' Vol. 67, No. 2, (Spring, 1993), pp. 197-213 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3744057 in JSTOR]</ref>  

Women actively participated in the Grange and the Farmers' Alliance. The Grange is usually depicted as strongly and consistently supporting equal rights and suffrage for women. Actually, it was only the persistence of feminists within the organization that eventually brought it to that position. In its early days, the Grange provided considerable equality to women within the organization but emphasized their domestic role. As women assumed more leadership positions and the prohibition movement became important within the Grange, feminists were able to convince the national organization to support women's suffrage in 1885, though that support wavered over the next 30 years.<ref> Donald B. Marti, "Sisters of the Grange: Rural Feminism in the Late Nineteenth Century," ''Agricultural History'', Vol. 58, No. 3, (July 1984) pp. 247-261 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3743078 in JSTOR]; Marilyn P. Watkins, "Political Activism and Community-Building among Alliance and Grange Women in Western Washington, 1892-1925," ''Agricultural History,'' Vol. 67, No. 2, (Spring, 1993), pp. 197-213 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3744057 in JSTOR]</ref>  

The farm women never challenged traditional sex roles. But many women insisted on joining their husbands in the struggle against the trusts and monopolies that they believed threatened their way of life. Though some local chapters of the Alliance and the Agricultural Wheel sought to exclude women, the female membership in other chapters was as high as 50%. Women understood the problems that farmers faced and realized better than men that internal divisions threatened the success of the agrarian movement.<ref>Connie L. Lester, "'Let Us Be up and Doing': Women in the Tennessee Movements for Agrarian Reform, 1870-1892," ''Tennessee Historical Quarterly'' 1995 54(2): 80-97,  </ref> The Grange provided a social focal point for rural socializing, especially in the form of Saturday night square dancing, singing, quilting contests, picnics, and fairs. The Grange epitomized the pietistic Protestant culture of rural America, evidenced by its emphasis on such innocent recreations and its focus on temperance and virtuosity.<ref>  

The farm women never challenged traditional sex roles. But many women insisted on joining their husbands in the struggle against the trusts and monopolies that they believed threatened their way of life. Though some local chapters of the Alliance and the Agricultural Wheel sought to exclude women, the female membership in other chapters was as high as 50%. Women understood the problems that farmers faced and realized better than men that internal divisions threatened the success of the agrarian movement.<ref>Connie L. Lester, "'Let Us Be up and Doing': Women in the Tennessee Movements for Agrarian Reform, 1870-1892," ''Tennessee Historical Quarterly'' 1995 54(2): 80-97,  </ref> The Grange provided a social focal point for rural socializing, especially in the form of Saturday night square dancing, singing, quilting contests, picnics, and fairs. The Grange epitomized the pietistic Protestant culture of rural America, evidenced by its emphasis on such innocent recreations and its focus on temperance and virtuosity.<ref>  

Laurie Kay Sommers and Lee Ellen Friedland,  "'Innocent Recreations': Music and Dance in the Michigan Grange," ''Michigan History'' 1994 78(4): 10-18, </ref>  

Laurie Kay Sommers and Lee Ellen Friedland,  "'Innocent Recreations': Music and Dance in the Michigan Grange," ''Michigan History'' 1994 78(4): 10-18, </ref>  

==Since 1945==

==Since 1945==

When [[Harry Truman]]'s Secretary of Agriculture Charles Brannan in 1949 proposed a plan of direct assistance to small farmers, he justified it by reasserting the importance of the small family farmer as the foundation of American democracy. However in the Grange small farmers opposed the plan because it too closely resembled welfare and would undermine their self image as independent [[yeomen]] and successful entrepreneurs. Brannan sought to protect the small farmer against competition from the large companies, but the plan was not accepted by Congress because farmers self-image would not allow for welfare.<ref> Karen J. Bradley, "Agrarian Ideology and Agricultural Policy: California Grangers and the Post-World War II Farm Policy Debate," ''Agricultural History'' 1995 69(2): 240-256, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3744267  in JSTOR]</ref>  

When [[Harry Truman]]'s Secretary of Agriculture Charles Brannan in 1949 proposed a plan of direct assistance to small farmers, he justified it by reasserting the importance of the small family farmer as the foundation of American democracy. However in the Grange small farmers opposed the plan because it too closely resembled welfare and would undermine their self image as independent [[yeomen]] and successful entrepreneurs. Brannan sought to protect the small farmer against competition from the large companies, but the plan was not accepted by Congress because farmers self-image would not allow for welfare.<ref> Karen J. Bradley, "Agrarian Ideology and Agricultural Policy: California Grangers and the Post-World War II Farm Policy Debate," ''Agricultural History'' 1995 69(2): 240-256, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3744267  in JSTOR]</ref>  

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* Barnes, William D. "Oliver Hudson Kelley and the Genesis of the Grange: A Reappraisal," ''Agricultural History,'' Vol. 41, No. 3 (Jul., 1967), pp. 229-242 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3740337 in JSTOR]

* Barnes, William D. "Oliver Hudson Kelley and the Genesis of the Grange: A Reappraisal," ''Agricultural History,'' Vol. 41, No. 3 (Jul., 1967), pp. 229-242 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3740337 in JSTOR]

* Lownsbrough, John.  ''The Privileged Few. The Grange and its People in Nineteenth Century Ontario'' (1980)

* Lownsbrough, John.  ''The Privileged Few. The Grange and its People in Nineteenth Century Ontario'' (1980)

*  Marti, Donald B. ''Women of the Grange: Mutuality and Sisterhood in Rural America, 1866-1920'' (1991)

*  Marti, Donald B. ''Women of the Grange: Mutuality and Sisterhood in Rural America, 1866-1920'' (1991)

* Saloutos, Theodore. "The Grange in the South, 1870-1877," ''Journal of Southern History,'' Vol. 19, No. 4 (Nov., 1953), pp. 473-487 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2955088 in JSTOR]

* Saloutos, Theodore. "The Grange in the South, 1870-1877," ''Journal of Southern History,'' Vol. 19, No. 4 (Nov., 1953), pp. 473-487 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2955088 in JSTOR]

* Schneiberg, Marc et al. "Social Movements and Organizational Form: Cooperative Alternatives to Corporations in the American Insurance, Dairy, and Grain Industries," ''American Sociological Review'' 2008 73(4): 635-667, theoretical essay

* Schneiberg, Marc et al. "Social Movements and Organizational Form: Cooperative Alternatives to Corporations in the American Insurance, Dairy, and Grain Industries," ''American Sociological Review'' 2008 73(4): 635-667, theoretical essay