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==Economy==
==Economy==
The per capita provincial income in 2001 was $28,756 (Cdn).<ref>[http://www.dec-ced.gc.ca/Complements/Publications/ADT2003/en/2.html The Economy of Quebec and its Regions]</ref>. This has lagged behind the overall growth of Canada, in part because of the successive separatist governments who did not create a stable environment and their policies of large government intervention. The economy has a large aerospace and manufacturing sector, however mineral extraction and forestry also play a large role.
The per capita provincial income in 2001 was $28,756 (Cdn).<ref>[http://www.dec-ced.gc.ca/Complements/Publications/ADT2003/en/2.html The Economy of Quebec and its Regions]</ref>. This has lagged behind the overall growth of Canada, in part because of the successive separatist governments who did not create a stable environment and their policies of large government intervention. The economy has a large aerospace and manufacturing sector, however mineral extraction and forestry also play a large role.
The most prominent nationalist spokesman in the era was Lionel Groulx (1878-1967), a Catholic priest whose histories of Quebec presented a conservative mission for the province.<ref> See Susan Mann Trofimenkoff, "Lionel Groulx," in [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/PrinterFriendly.cfm?Params=A1ARTA0003472 ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2008)]</ref> As professor of Canadian history at the Université de Montréal (1915-1949) he directly influenced the intellectual leaders of the era. The true Quebec, he argued, was based on the supremacy of the Church and family that challenged liberalism at all points. His organicist concept of the nation, in which the nation is understood as a "collective individual" with structured thought, brought Groulx to treat the individual as subordinate to the societal group. From this outlook, Groulx defended tradition and promoted a conception of education that aimed to foster the development of the national feeling of belonging. His conception of the state was also antiliberal, particularly because it rejected the distinction between the political and religious spheres. Groulx found Duplessis distasteful, and welcomed the economic developments of the Quiet Revolution, realizing too late that it would destroy the Church's central role.
The most prominent nationalist spokesman in the era was Lionel Groulx (1878-1967), a Catholic priest whose histories of Quebec presented a conservative mission for the province.<ref> See Susan Mann Trofimenkoff, "Lionel Groulx," in [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/PrinterFriendly.cfm?Params=A1ARTA0003472 ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2008)]</ref> As professor of Canadian history at the Université de Montréal (1915-1949) he directly influenced the intellectual leaders of the era. The true Quebec, he argued, was based on the supremacy of the Church and family that challenged liberalism at all points. His organicist concept of the nation, in which the nation is understood as a "collective individual" with structured thought, brought Groulx to treat the individual as subordinate to the societal group. From this outlook, Groulx defended tradition and promoted a conception of education that aimed to foster the development of the national feeling of belonging. His conception of the state was also antiliberal, particularly because it rejected the distinction between the political and religious spheres. Groulx found Duplessis distasteful, and welcomed the economic developments of the Quiet Revolution, realizing too late that it would destroy the Church's central role.
In the 1940's, the Catholic-dominated provincial government went after a small growing religious sect, [[Jehovah's Witnessess]] for their political neutrality during [[World War II]]. Peaked in 1943, about thousands of members in Quebec were jailed, tried in court or placed into military internment camps. Jehovah's Witnesses were nearly banned in the province until a Canadian court hearing in 1944 declared it was a violation of religious freedom and civil rights, even though the sect doesn't hold their allegiance to political rulers during wartime. Within a decade (1954), the national concern of retaining a degree of separation of church and state from the Jehovah's Witnesses of Quebec case brought a formal end to Quebec's 350-year old religious laws, and soon, Roman Catholicism was no longer the state church of Quebec.
===The Quiet Revolution of the 1960s===
===The Quiet Revolution of the 1960s===
The Quiet Revolution (Révolution Tranquille) of the 1960s saw a radical nonviolent transformation in the politics, society and economy of Quebec. A traditional people modernized the economy and the social structure, threw off Church control, rejected Anglo control of Quebec's economy, and finally sought, but failed, to gain independence from Canada. The Revolution was strongly promoted by the governments of Liberal Premier [[Jean Lesage]] (1960-66) and Premier [[Daniel Johnson]] (1966-68) of the opposition Union Nationale party. The government nationalized hydroelectric utilities, created crown corporations, and undertook to provide the educational, health care, and social services formerly under Church control. The Quiet Revolution has resulted in the ascendency of an enormous civil service in Quebec that is directed by a middle class technocracy allied with business interests to insure control of the state.
The Quiet Revolution (Révolution Tranquille) of the 1960s saw a radical nonviolent transformation in the politics, society and economy of Quebec. A traditional people modernized the economy and the social structure, threw off Church control, rejected Anglo control of Quebec's economy, and finally sought, but failed, to gain independence from Canada. The Revolution was strongly promoted by the governments of Liberal Premier [[Jean Lesage]] (1960-66) and Premier [[Daniel Johnson]] (1966-68) of the opposition Union Nationale party. Other more militant or outspoken leaders like [[Rene Levisque]] came to the scene in the early 1970s, he later became the leader of the Bloc Quebecois founded in 1974.
Many French-Canadian leaders and Quebec separatists were war veterans and well-established civic leaders, despite they preached ethnic loyality as Francophones or Quebecois not Canadians, and their reaction of English being the "lingua franca" in the professions will destroy the Quebecois/French cultural integrity. Interestingly, many thousands of French-Canadian draft dodgers fled to the USA during World War II, whom felt the war was against Francophone interests, and brought an end to the country's military conscription in 1942. Quebec has a history of opposition and resistance to the national military draft in the Boer War of 1890's and the first World War in the 1910's.
With an increased involvement of the Francophone majority's political affairs, the Canadian government nationalized hydroelectric utilities, created crown corporations whom were owned by Quebecois businessmen of French not British descent, and undertook to provide the educational, health care, and social services formerly under Church control. The provincial government began to make further demands as a "nation" not a province of being a culturally separate people, and that all of the provincial economy should be under the Francophone/Quebecois people's control. The Quiet Revolution has resulted in the ascendency of an enormous civil service in Quebec that is directed by a middle class technocracy allied with business interests to insure control of the state.
=====Political upheaval=====
=====Political upheaval=====