Changes

We will have a midterm exam in this course in '''two weeks''', covering all the material through this Lecture (through Reconstruction, which means through 1876).  The distribution of questions will be similar to the distribution on the CLEP exam, so do not spend too much time on an area that will not have many questions.

We will have a midterm exam in this course in '''two weeks''', covering all the material through this Lecture (through Reconstruction, which means through 1876).  The distribution of questions will be similar to the distribution on the CLEP exam, so do not spend too much time on an area that will not have many questions.

In 1835, a Frenchman named Alexis de Tocqueville published a booked entitled "Democracy in America," which was collection of observations about the young nation based on his nine-month visit.  This book remains the most comprehensive analysis of American culture to this day, and includes many insight statements like "the religious aspect of the country was the first thing that struck my attention." De Tocqueville also observed about America, "I have nowhere seen woman occupying a loftier position."

In 1835, a Frenchman named Alexis de Tocqueville published a booked entitled "Democracy in America," which was collection of observations about the young nation based on his nine-month visit.  This book remains the most comprehensive analysis of American culture, and includes many insightful statements like "the religious aspect of the country was the first thing that struck my attention." De Tocqueville also observed about America, "I have nowhere seen woman occupying a loftier position."

== Review ==

== Review ==

== President Andrew Johnson ==

== President Andrew Johnson ==

Vice President Andrew Johnson, who was liked by almost no one, then became president in spring 1865 when Lincoln died.  When Johnson succeeded Lincoln as president, it was only the third succession of presidential power in our history (the first was Tyler becoming president after Harrison's death, and the second was Millard Fillmore becoming president after Zachary Taylor's death).   

Vice President Andrew Johnson, who was liked by almost no one, became president in spring 1865 when Lincoln died.  When Johnson succeeded Lincoln as president, it was only the third succession of presidential power in our history (the first was Tyler becoming president after Harrison's death, and the second was Millard Fillmore becoming president after Zachary Taylor's death).   

Johnson was a Democrat from Tennessee, not a Republican.  In fact, the Radical Republicans in Congress loathed and ridiculed him.  They even spread an unjustified rumor that Johnson was drunk during his inauguration.  Johnson was blunt speaking, and that did not help win him any friends either.  He went on a nationwide speaking tour called the "Swing Around the Circle," during which he harshly and unsuccessfully criticized his opponents in Congress.  Meanwhile, at this time the United States was missing all the southern states of the Confederacy: they did not have any seats in Congress.  Simply put, the nation was in disarray in 1865.

Johnson was a Democrat from Tennessee, not a Republican.  In fact, the Radical Republicans in Congress loathed and ridiculed him.  They even spread an unjustified rumor that Johnson was drunk during his inauguration.  Johnson was blunt speaking, and that did not help win him any friends.  He went on a nationwide speaking tour called the "Swing Around the Circle," during which he harshly and unsuccessfully criticized his opponents in Congress.  Meanwhile, at this time the United States was missing all the southern states of the Confederacy: they did not have any seats in Congress.  Simply put, the United States was in disarray in 1865.

Congress was controlled by the "Radical Republicans" who wanted to impose harsh conditions on the South both to protect African-Americans and to punish  

Congress was controlled by the "Radical Republicans" who wanted to impose harsh conditions on the South both to protect the freed slaves and to punish  

the South for the War.  Congress, led by the Radical Republicans, improperly attempted to control Johnson by passing the Tenure of Office Act in 1867.  This required Senate approval for the President to fire his own Cabinet officials, and had the effect of prohibiting Johnson from firing Edwin Stanton, the Secretary of War, who was allied with the Radical Republicans in Congress.  In 1868, Congress also passed the Command of the Army Act, which restricted the President in how he commands the army.

the South for the War.  Congress, led by the Radical Republicans, improperly attempted to control Johnson by passing the Tenure of Office Act in 1867.  This required Senate approval before the President could fire his own Cabinet officials, and this law sought to stop Johnson from firing Edwin Stanton, the Secretary of War, who was allied with the Radical Republicans in Congress.  In 1868, Congress also passed the Command of the Army Act, which restricted the President in how he commands the army.

But Johnson did not back down.  He attempted to fire Stanton, which the Radical Republicans considered to be grounds for impeaching Johnson.  Thaddeus Stevens was a representative from Pennsylvania who would talk about the South as  "conquered territory," and was a typical Radical Republican.  He led the House of Representatives to vote by an astounding margin of 126-47 to impeach Johnson:<ref>http://law.jrank.org/pages/13490/Andrew-Johnson-Trial.html</ref>

But Johnson did not back down.  He attempted to fire Stanton, which the Radical Republicans considered to be grounds for impeaching Johnson.  Thaddeus Stevens was a representative from Pennsylvania who would talk about the South as  "conquered territory," and was a typical Radical Republican.  He led the House of Representatives to vote by an astounding margin of 126-47 to impeach Johnson:<ref>http://law.jrank.org/pages/13490/Andrew-Johnson-Trial.html</ref>