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| − | The fundamental statement of '''natural selection''' is that heritable traits which are beneficial will tend to become more numerous in successive generations, while heritable traits which are harmful will tend to become more scarce. The traits are defined to be beneficial if they become more numerous in successive generations. This principle is general, and applies to any system of individuals which reproduce; it is most commonly applied to systems of living organisms.
| + | OOOOOOOOooouuuuuuuAAAAAAAooooooEEEEEEEEAAAAAaaaaAAAA |
| − | | + | WeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaaaaaaaaaaoooooooooeeeeaAAAAAAAAAAAAAA |
| − | It is sometimes summarized by the slogan, ''survival of the fittest'', where the "fittest" are the organisms which leave the most offspring. This means that "fitness" is determined by the environment; for example, a penguin is very good at producing offspring when it lives in Antarctica, but wouldn't be so good if it lived in the Sahara.
| + | My loony bun is fine Benny Lava! |
| − | | + | Minor bun engine made Benny Lava! |
| − | Natural selection is often thought of as being synonymous with [[Theory of evolution|evolution]],<ref>For example, a draft [[New Zealand]] science curriculum confuses the two. Lamb, Andrew, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/5047/ Evaluating an evolutionary science curriculum], 14th April, 2007 (Creation Ministries International).</ref> although they are distinct concepts, and most [[creationism|creationists]] accept that natural selection is a real, observed, process.
| + | Anybody need this sign? Benny Lava! |
| − | | + | You need a bun to bite Benny Lava! |
| − | ==General Requirements==
| + | Have you been high today? |
| − | Natural selection will automatically take place in any system which follows a certain set of rules. These rules are:
| + | I see the nuns are gay! |
| − | | + | My brother yelled to me... |
| − | #There must be a set of individuals.
| + | I love you inside Ed! |
| − | #These individuals must reproduce somehow.
| + | My loony bun is fine Benny Lava! |
| − | #The probability or rate of reproduction must be somehow dependent on a heritable trait of the individual (where a heritable trait is one that is more likely to be present in an individual's offspring than it is in the general population).
| + | Minor bun engine made Benny Lava! |
| − | | + | I told a high school girl... |
| − | In any such system, individuals whose traits allow them to reproduce more effectively will soon come to dominate the population.
| + | I love you inside me! |
| − | | + | I'd love to see you pee on us tonight! |
| − | Natural selection has been called a tautology because it follows from its definition, and because it has no observable consequences by itself that anyone has ever tested against an alternate theory.
| + | I'd love to see you pee on us tonight! |
| − | However, even if it is a tautology, this doesn't make it untrue.
| + | OOOOOOOooooOOOOOoooo |
| − | | + | OOOOOOOooooOOOOOoooo |
| − | ==Variation and Randomness==
| + | You feel me up with doom. |
| − | Natural selection becomes interesting when there is the possibility of random variation in the [[duplication]] of individuals--in other words, when an individual is copied, the copy may be slightly different from the original. It is important to note that, as stated above, the ''mechanism'' for this variation is not explained or even taken into account by natural selection. All that matters is that there is ''some'' process that produces variation. In this case, some of the offspring of an individual will be better (where "better" is defined as "more likely to successfully reproduce"--one can think of it as scoring higher on an evaluation) and some will be worse. The higher-scoring offspring will soon come to dominate the population, and over successive generations the average score will also rise.
| + | Quit looking up at me! |
| − | | + | You got a minute girl? |
| − | ==Role in Life Sciences==
| + | The puppy had a fee! |
| − | Natural selection is a principle that was popularized by [[Charles Darwin]] and [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], who noted that organisms which were better adapted to their environment tended to survive longer and reproduce more than less well-adapted organisms. They used the term "natural" to mean that it occurred in nature, as opposed to selection performed by animal breeders or by a deity. The term "survival of the fittest" is often attributed to Darwin but was in fact coined by the philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer.
| + | Don't think I do love her |
| − | | + | We're looking in a pill! |
| − | Together with [[mutation]] (an altogether distinct phenomenon that should not be confused with natural selection), natural selection forms the basis of evolutionary theory. As stated above, in any system where selection combines with random variation, successive generations will become better adapted to reproduce. [[Evolution]] is the theory that this combination of genetic variation (which may be either mutation of the parent or, in most cases, sexual reproduction) and natural selection leads to [[speciation]].
| + | We're looking in a pill! |
| − | | + | All of them like the bun! |
| − | Natural selection has been used to explain many organism traits. For example, deer run fast because slower deer have been eaten by predators, and the faster deer are more likely to pass their traits to the next generation. [[Selection pressure]] is seldom so one-sided; for example, the long tail of the [[peacock]] leaves it vulnerable to predators. However, since peahens are far less likely to mate with short-tailed peacocks, a long tail is an overall advantage and thus is selected for.
| + | Now poop on them Oliver! |
| − | | + | OOOO DADDY! |
| − | ==An Example==
| + | JUST SAY IT! |
| − | Here is an example of how an engineer might use an algorithm that is analogous to the combination of mutation and natural selection in the evolution of organisms.
| + | You know the hole to put it! |
| − | | + | Just sing it! |
| − | An engineer starts with 10,000 different sets of plans for a hydroelectric dam. His dam must complete two basic tasks: it must hold back a lake with minimal flooding of the surrounding area, and it must maximize power generation. The intrinsic worth of a dam is determined by how well it completes these tasks; a dam which produces 100 kW of electricity while only raising water levels 2 feet is superior to one which produces 10 kW of electricity while raising water levels 5 feet.
| + | You love me! |
| − | | + | Your pundit got armor! |
| − | In our simplified example, let us assume that the design of a dam is based on just a few numerical parameters: height, width, thickness, concrete mixture, hydroelectric turbine size, curvature, etc. After evaluating all the plans, the engineer picks the 100 best and discards the rest. He then copies each of these plans 100 times. When copying, the engineer randomly introduces minor differences: say he rolls a die each time he copies a design parameter; if he rolls a six, he then changes that parameter by 1%, flipping a coin to determine if he will increase or decrease the parameter.
| + | You send me... Offended... You know the hole to put it! |
| − | | + | Just sing it! |
| − | Once he has finished copying, he will have 10,000 more plans, most of them very similar to the original 100 but with some small differences. He then evaluates these 10,000 plans again, picks the best 100, and copies them again, introducing random "errors" in the same way. After completing this process several thousand times, the engineer has 10,000 plans, all of which perform excellently. He picks the best of them and thus has an excellent design, without ever doing any real "design" himself.
| + | You love me! |
| − | | + | Your pundit got armor! |
| − | Note that this engineer need not be conscious of the overall goal--he is just applying a simple algorithm over and over. Indeed, the engineer need not be conscious of anything at all--his task could be performed automatically and without sentience or intelligence. Note also that the final plan may be very different from any of the original plans.
| + | ho put the goat in there? |
| − | | + | The yellow goat I ate! |
| − | ==Local and Non-Local Improvement==
| + | My loony bun is fine Benny Lava! |
| − | The above section illustrates how natural selection and random variation can combine to create improved individuals. However, it is important to note that there is no long-term planning involved in natural selection. This means that all changes must be locally beneficial in order to survive. Essentially, no improvement can take place if a deterioration must take place first. In order for a change to propagate to future "generations" of individuals, it must not be significantly harmful to ''any'' generation.
| + | Minor bun engine made Benny Lava! |
| − | | + | (I like to swim in it) |
| − | In the language of the above example, let us say that one of the plans would be much improved if the curvature were increased by 10%, but would be worsened considerably if the curvature was 3 to 7% higher. Since curvature can only change by 1% at a time, and a regime of "bad" curvature lies between the current regime and the regime of "good" curvature, the dam will never reach the "good" regime. Thus, in order for a large change to take place over several generations, it must be beneficial (or at least not significantly harmful) at ''each'' generation.
| + | (I like to swim in it) |
| − | | + | (I like to swim in his) |
| − | Again returning to the peacock, it might be an overall advantage to have a very short tail or no tail at all, since predators would be easy to avoid. However, since a ''slightly'' shorter tail gives little help in avoiding predators and also is much less attractive to females, short tails are unlikely to come about.
| + | (beeeeejaaaaayyy!) |
| − | | + | (I like to swim in it) |
| − | ==Natural selection and evolution==
| + | (I like to swim in it) |
| − | Natural selection is often considered to be synonymous with [[Theory of evolution|evolution]], but the two ideas are distinct.
| + | (I like to swim in his) |
| − | | + | (beeeeejaaaaayyy!) |
| − | Concepts similar to Natural Selection were described by a number of people before Darwin, and in particular by creationist [[Edward Blyth]], from 1835 to 1837.
| + | OOOOOOOOooooooOOOOOoooo |
| − | Blyth described it as "a mechanism by which the sick, old and unfit were removed from a population; that is, as a preserving factor and for the maintenance of the status quo—the created kind".<ref>Grigg, Russell, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/493/ Darwin’s illegitimate brainchild], ''Creation'' 26(2):39–41, March 2004.</ref>
| + | A nerd to punk a nerd. |
| − | | + | I'm bleeding F*cking A! |
| − | Evolution uses the idea of Natural Selection to explain why some living things survive at the expense of other living things, but Natural Selection doesn't explain how the variations to select from came to be.
| + | That stuff is pink colored! |
| − | Variations can arise in at least two different ways.
| + | Some day I sell DNA! |
| − | * When male and female produce offspring, half the offspring's [[Deoxyribonucleic acid|DNA]] is derived from each parent. Thus the offspring have a different selection of genetic [[information]] than either parent.
| + | This boar ain't very cool. |
| − | * Mutations can alter the genetic information.
| + | You need a Hindi yew! |
| − | Some of the variations produced by these mechanisms are better suited for given environments than other variations.
| + | Got into Seattle. |
| − | Natural Selection removes the variations that are unsuited or less suited to those environments, in favour of those more suited ("fitter") to those environments.
| + | I'll lay a friend of yours! |
| − | | + | I fought a barber man! |
| − | According to evolution, mutations can give rise to new genetic information, thus the offspring can have new capabilities that were not coded in the DNA of their parents, and that Natural Selection will therefore select for these new capabilities if they constitute a survival advantage.
| + | We know what's in butter rum! |
| − | | + | A jet pack... operation... |
| − | Creationists reject this claim (of mutations producing new genetic information), on the grounds that it has not been observed in science.
| + | Send him the crazy Hindu! |
| − | | + | Whatever! My Sadist! |
| − | In the example above of plans for a dam, the engineer started off with plans that had been designed by someone, and although some of the measurements were altered, nothing new was introduced.
| + | All baked and cooked alive! |
| − | For example, if the original plans did not include a bypass tunnel, no amount of altering measurements on the plan would produce one.
| + | I lick you... Belinda... |
| − | | + | The ninja made a movement. |
| − | This is analogous to what we observe in nature.
| + | Tell Donna... No collar... |
| − | We see that variations only come to already-existing plans (DNA), and that changes to the plans produce nothing new.
| + | I'll do what body loves! |
| − | | + | I put papaya there. |
| − | ==References==
| + | You love me inside there! |
| − | {{reflist|2}}
| + | My loony bun is fine Benny Lava! |
| − | | + | Minor bun engine made Benny Lava! |
| − | [[Category:Biology]]
| + | Anybody need this sign? Benny Lava! |
| − | [[Category:Genetics]]
| + | You need a bun to bite Benny Lava! |
| − | [[Category:Evolution]]
| + | Have you been high today? |
| | + | I love you inside me! |
| | + | OOOOOoooooOOOOOoooo |
| | + | OOOOOOoooOOOOOOoooo |
| | + | OOOOOOOoooOOOOOooo |
OOOOOOOOooouuuuuuuAAAAAAAooooooEEEEEEEEAAAAAaaaaAAAA
WeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaaaaaaaaaaoooooooooeeeeaAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
My loony bun is fine Benny Lava!
Minor bun engine made Benny Lava!
Anybody need this sign? Benny Lava!
You need a bun to bite Benny Lava!
Have you been high today?
I see the nuns are gay!
My brother yelled to me...
I love you inside Ed!
My loony bun is fine Benny Lava!
Minor bun engine made Benny Lava!
I told a high school girl...
I love you inside me!
I'd love to see you pee on us tonight!
I'd love to see you pee on us tonight!
OOOOOOOooooOOOOOoooo
OOOOOOOooooOOOOOoooo
You feel me up with doom.
Quit looking up at me!
You got a minute girl?
The puppy had a fee!
Don't think I do love her
We're looking in a pill!
We're looking in a pill!
All of them like the bun!
Now poop on them Oliver!
OOOO DADDY!
JUST SAY IT!
You know the hole to put it!
Just sing it!
You love me!
Your pundit got armor!
You send me... Offended... You know the hole to put it!
Just sing it!
You love me!
Your pundit got armor!
ho put the goat in there?
The yellow goat I ate!
My loony bun is fine Benny Lava!
Minor bun engine made Benny Lava!
(I like to swim in it)
(I like to swim in it)
(I like to swim in his)
(beeeeejaaaaayyy!)
(I like to swim in it)
(I like to swim in it)
(I like to swim in his)
(beeeeejaaaaayyy!)
OOOOOOOOooooooOOOOOoooo
A nerd to punk a nerd.
I'm bleeding F*cking A!
That stuff is pink colored!
Some day I sell DNA!
This boar ain't very cool.
You need a Hindi yew!
Got into Seattle.
I'll lay a friend of yours!
I fought a barber man!
We know what's in butter rum!
A jet pack... operation...
Send him the crazy Hindu!
Whatever! My Sadist!
All baked and cooked alive!
I lick you... Belinda...
The ninja made a movement.
Tell Donna... No collar...
I'll do what body loves!
I put papaya there.
You love me inside there!
My loony bun is fine Benny Lava!
Minor bun engine made Benny Lava!
Anybody need this sign? Benny Lava!
You need a bun to bite Benny Lava!
Have you been high today?
I love you inside me!
OOOOOoooooOOOOOoooo
OOOOOOoooOOOOOOoooo
OOOOOOOoooOOOOOooo
