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| − | Conservapedia will '''drown''' in vandalism!
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| − | <div style="text-align:center">I'm a conservative Republican that lives in Pennsylvania. I attended Glenn Beck's rally in Washington, D.C.</div>
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| − | <span style="text-decoration:blink; font-size:20px">{{PAGENAME}} has been vandalized by Willy on Wheels!</span><div style="text-align:center">I'm a conservative Republican that lives in Pennsylvania. I attended Glenn Beck's rally in Washington, D.C.</div>
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| − | <span style="text-decoration:blink; font-size:20px">{{PAGENAME}} has been vandalized by Willy on Wheels!</span><div style="text-align:center">I'm a conservative Republican that lives in Pennsylvania. I attended Glenn Beck's rally in Washington, D.C.</div>
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| − | <span style="text-decoration:blink; font-size:20px">{{PAGENAME}} has been vandalized by Willy on Wheels!</span>
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| | : ''For a list of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] dictators, see [[Roman dictator#Roman dictators|Roman dictator]].'' | | : ''For a list of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] dictators, see [[Roman dictator#Roman dictators|Roman dictator]].'' |
| | : ''See also the [[#See also|related lists]] at the end of this article.'' | | : ''See also the [[#See also|related lists]] at the end of this article.'' |
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| | |align=center|[[Jean-Bédel Bokassa]] ||align=center| [[Central African Republic]] ||align=center| 1966–1979 || <small>President of the Central African Republic 1966-1976; Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire 1976-1979. Bokassa overthrew the autocratic Dacko in a swift coup d'état and assumed power as president of the Republic and head of the sole political party, the Mouvement pour l'évolution sociale de l'Afrique Noire (MESAN). Bokassa abolished the constitution of 1959 on January 4 and began to rule by decree. He proclaimed himself emperor in 1976 (see [http://www.african-geopolitics.org/show.aspx?ArticleId=3638]).</small> | | |align=center|[[Jean-Bédel Bokassa]] ||align=center| [[Central African Republic]] ||align=center| 1966–1979 || <small>President of the Central African Republic 1966-1976; Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire 1976-1979. Bokassa overthrew the autocratic Dacko in a swift coup d'état and assumed power as president of the Republic and head of the sole political party, the Mouvement pour l'évolution sociale de l'Afrique Noire (MESAN). Bokassa abolished the constitution of 1959 on January 4 and began to rule by decree. He proclaimed himself emperor in 1976 (see [http://www.african-geopolitics.org/show.aspx?ArticleId=3638]).</small> |
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| − | |align=center|[[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] ||align=center| [[Togo]] ||align=center| 1967–2005 || <small>President of Togo. Gained power in a coup; never fought a contested election until 1998; banned, tortured and killed opposition. Fostered a cult of personality that was reinforced after he was the sole survivor of an airplane crash in 1974. In late 1991, troops loyal to Eyadéma closed a constitutional conference that had shifted most executive power to a new transitional government and banned Eyadéma's RPT party. January 1993 saw a mass exodus of residents to neighboring states after security forces fired on pro-democracy demonstrators. Further repression followed a purported 1994 coup attempt (see [http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/data/togoewechro.htm]).</small> | + | |align=center|[[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] ||align=center| [[Togo]] ||align=center| 1967–2005 || <small>President of Togo. Gained power in a coup; never fought a contested election until 1998; banned, tortured and killed opposition. Fostered a cult of personality that was reinforced after he was the sole survivor of an airplane crash in 1974. In late 1991, troops loyal to Eyadéma closed a constitutional conference that had shifted most executive power to a new transitional government and banned Eyadéma's RPT party. January 1993 saw a mass exodus of residents to neighboring states after security forces fired on pro-democracy demonstrators. Further repression followed a purported 1994 coup attempt (see[http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/data/togoewechro.htm]).</small> |
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| | |align=center|[[Omar Bongo]] ||align=center| [[Gabon]] ||align=center| 1967–2009 || <small>As vice president, he acceded to the presidency following the death of President [[Léon M'ba]]. In 1968, Bongo decreed a one-party state under his [[Gabonese Democratic Party]] and was thrice elected unopposed in the 1970s and 1980s. He became very wealthy during the country's oil boom.<!--Sources?: Gabon saw less naked repression during his rule then most African dictatorships, partly because Bongo was a skilled manipulator able to co-opt much of his opposition.--> Open elections were held in 1990 and Bongo was re-elected in 1993, 1998 and 2005. Observers have criticized the elections as unfair and corruption watchdogs have accused the president of [[nepotism]]. Riots resulting from the mysterious death in 1990 of prominent dissident [[Joseph Rendjambe]] in a government hotel room were put down by French troops.</small> | | |align=center|[[Omar Bongo]] ||align=center| [[Gabon]] ||align=center| 1967–2009 || <small>As vice president, he acceded to the presidency following the death of President [[Léon M'ba]]. In 1968, Bongo decreed a one-party state under his [[Gabonese Democratic Party]] and was thrice elected unopposed in the 1970s and 1980s. He became very wealthy during the country's oil boom.<!--Sources?: Gabon saw less naked repression during his rule then most African dictatorships, partly because Bongo was a skilled manipulator able to co-opt much of his opposition.--> Open elections were held in 1990 and Bongo was re-elected in 1993, 1998 and 2005. Observers have criticized the elections as unfair and corruption watchdogs have accused the president of [[nepotism]]. Riots resulting from the mysterious death in 1990 of prominent dissident [[Joseph Rendjambe]] in a government hotel room were put down by French troops.</small> |
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| | |align=center|[[Mohamed Siad Barre]] ||align=center| [[Somalia]] ||align=center| 1969–1991 || <small>Chairman of the Supreme Revolutionary Council 1969-1976; President of Somalia 1976-1991. In 1969, during the power vacuum following the assassination of President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, the military staged a coup and took over. Barre was to rule for the next twenty-two years. He attempted to develop a personality cult; large posters of him were common in the capital Mogadishu during his reign, many of which can still be seen today. He dreamed of a "[[Greater Somalia]]" and tried unsuccessfully to annex the [[Ogaden]]—legally Ethiopian territory—in 1977 to realize this end (see [[Ogaden War]]).</small> | | |align=center|[[Mohamed Siad Barre]] ||align=center| [[Somalia]] ||align=center| 1969–1991 || <small>Chairman of the Supreme Revolutionary Council 1969-1976; President of Somalia 1976-1991. In 1969, during the power vacuum following the assassination of President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, the military staged a coup and took over. Barre was to rule for the next twenty-two years. He attempted to develop a personality cult; large posters of him were common in the capital Mogadishu during his reign, many of which can still be seen today. He dreamed of a "[[Greater Somalia]]" and tried unsuccessfully to annex the [[Ogaden]]—legally Ethiopian territory—in 1977 to realize this end (see [[Ogaden War]]).</small> |
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| − | |align=center|[[Anwar Sadat]] || align=center|[[Egypt]] || align=center|1970–1981 || <small>President of Egypt 1970-1981. Unelected, suppressed opposition in what was termed "The Corrective Revolution". Assassinated.</small> | + | |align=center|[[Anwar Sadat]] || align=center|[[Egypt]] || align=center|1970-1981 || <small>President of Egypt 1970-1981. Unelected, suppressed opposition in what was termed "The Corrective Revolution". Assassinated.</small> |
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| | |align=center|[[Idi Amin]] ||align=center| [[Uganda]] ||align=center| 1971–1979 || <small>[[President of Uganda]], later (1976) declared as [[President for Life|for Life]]. Deposed in 1979 after declaring war on [[Tanzania]].</small> | | |align=center|[[Idi Amin]] ||align=center| [[Uganda]] ||align=center| 1971–1979 || <small>[[President of Uganda]], later (1976) declared as [[President for Life|for Life]]. Deposed in 1979 after declaring war on [[Tanzania]].</small> |
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| − | |align=center|[[Mengistu Haile Mariam]] ||align=center| [[Ethiopia]] ||align=center| 1974–1991 || <small>Chairman of the Provisional Military Administrative Council ([[Derg]]) in 1974 and 1977–1987; President of Ethiopia 1987-1991. One-party state; repression of opposition; tens of thousands of extra-judicial killings.</small> | + | |align=center|[[Mengistu Haile Mariam]] ||align=center| [[Ethiopia]] ||align=center| 1974–1991 || <small>Chairman of the Provisional Military Administrative Council ([[Derg]]) in 1974 and 1977-1987; President of Ethiopia 1987-1991. One-party state; repression of opposition; tens of thousands of extra-judicial killings.</small> |
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| − | |align=center|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ||align=center| [[Nigeria]] ||align=center| 1976–1979 || <small>Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria between 1976 and 1979. Elected President of Nigeria in 1999. Chairman of the [[African Union]] 2004-2006.</small> | + | |align=center|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ||align=center| [[Nigeria]] ||align=center| 1976-1979 || <small>Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria between 1976 and 1979. Elected President of Nigeria in 1999. Chairman of the [[African Union]] 2004-2006.</small> |
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| | |align=center|[[Jean-Baptiste Bagaza]] ||align=center| [[Burundi]] ||align=center| 1976–1987 || <small>President of Burundi. Widely described as a military dictator (see [http://www.africanews.com/article265.html], [http://www.electionworld.org/history/burundi.htm]).</small> | | |align=center|[[Jean-Baptiste Bagaza]] ||align=center| [[Burundi]] ||align=center| 1976–1987 || <small>President of Burundi. Widely described as a military dictator (see [http://www.africanews.com/article265.html], [http://www.electionworld.org/history/burundi.htm]).</small> |
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| | |align=center|[[Daniel arap Moi]] ||align=center| [[Kenya]] ||align=center| 1978–2002 || <small>President of Kenya. Changed constitution to establish a ''de jure'' one-party state; resorted to repressive rule, including torture and imprisonment without trial.</small> | | |align=center|[[Daniel arap Moi]] ||align=center| [[Kenya]] ||align=center| 1978–2002 || <small>President of Kenya. Changed constitution to establish a ''de jure'' one-party state; resorted to repressive rule, including torture and imprisonment without trial.</small> |
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| − | |align=center|[[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] ||align=center| [[Equatorial Guinea]] ||align=center| '''1979–present''' || <small>Chairman of the Supreme Military Council 1979-1982; President of Equatorial Guinea 1982–present. Deposed his uncle in a violent coup; opposition is banned in all but name.</small> | + | |align=center|[[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] ||align=center| [[Equatorial Guinea]] ||align=center| '''1979–present''' || <small>Chairman of the Supreme Military Council 1979-1982; President of Equatorial Guinea 1982-present. Deposed his uncle in a violent coup; opposition is banned in all but name.</small> |
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| | |align=center|[[José Eduardo dos Santos]] ||align=center| [[Angola]] ||align=center| '''1979–present''' || <small>President of Angola. One-party state; did not stand for election until 1992 (see [http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2000/Angola_Marques_00/Angola_Marques_00.html]).</small> | | |align=center|[[José Eduardo dos Santos]] ||align=center| [[Angola]] ||align=center| '''1979–present''' || <small>President of Angola. One-party state; did not stand for election until 1992 (see [http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2000/Angola_Marques_00/Angola_Marques_00.html]).</small> |
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| − | |align=center|[[João Bernardo Vieira]] ||align=center| [[Guinea-Bissau]] ||align=center| 1980–1984 and '''2005–present''' || <small>become president by a coup. killing and exiled opposition. faoumes for the [[Guinea-Bissau Civil War]].<small> | + | |align=center|[[João Bernardo Vieira]] ||align=center| [[Guinea-Bissau]] ||align=center| 1980-1984 and '''2005-present''' || <small>become president by a coup. killing and exiled opposition. faoumes for the [[Guinea-Bissau Civil War]].<small> |
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| − | |align=center|[[Samuel K. Doe]] ||align=center| [[Liberia]] ||align=center| 1980–1990 || <small>Chairman of the People's Redemption Council 1980-1984; President of Liberia 1984-1990. Gained power in a military coup that killed President [[William R. Tolbert, Jr.]], a [[Reform movement|reformer]]. Promoted [[Krahn]] chauvinism and "died a multi-millionaire and proud owner of mansions and estates" (see [http://www.theperspective.org/2004/oct/bookpeople.html]).</small> | + | |align=center|[[Samuel K. Doe]] ||align=center| [[Liberia]] ||align=center| 1980–1990 || <small>Chairman of the People's Redemption Council 1980-1984; President of Liberia 1984-1990. Gained power in a military coup that killed President [[William R. Tolbert, Jr.]], a [[Reform movement|reformer]]. Promoted [[Krahn]] chauvinism and "died a multi-millionaire and proud owner of mansions and estates" (see[http://www.theperspective.org/2004/oct/bookpeople.html]).</small> |
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| | |align=center|[[Robert Mugabe]] ||align=center| [[Zimbabwe]] ||align=center| '''1980–present''' || | | |align=center|[[Robert Mugabe]] ||align=center| [[Zimbabwe]] ||align=center| '''1980–present''' || |
| | <small>Gained power through election, and repeatedly re-elected, but criticized for steps used to maintain power. From 1999 on, used police and militant groups like the War Veterans Association and [[Border Gezi Youth]] to enforce [[ZANU-PF]] policies and to prevent opponents from voting; called "king" by his aides.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1709488.stm] Arrested and tortured opponents and human rights activists; gave amnesty to murderers of his political opponents in 2000; ignores court rulings.[http://www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,410850,00.html] Criticized as dictator by [[Desmond Tutu]][http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1754307.stm] and [[Vladimir Putin]][http://www.namibian.com.na/2005/July/world/05C16ABC4A.html].</small> | | <small>Gained power through election, and repeatedly re-elected, but criticized for steps used to maintain power. From 1999 on, used police and militant groups like the War Veterans Association and [[Border Gezi Youth]] to enforce [[ZANU-PF]] policies and to prevent opponents from voting; called "king" by his aides.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1709488.stm] Arrested and tortured opponents and human rights activists; gave amnesty to murderers of his political opponents in 2000; ignores court rulings.[http://www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,410850,00.html] Criticized as dictator by [[Desmond Tutu]][http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1754307.stm] and [[Vladimir Putin]][http://www.namibian.com.na/2005/July/world/05C16ABC4A.html].</small> |
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| − | |align=center|[[Jerry Rawlings]] ||align=center| [[Ghana]] ||align=center| 1981–1992 || <small>Gained power in a military coup during 1979 but handed it over. Re-took power in another coup of 1981. Elected President in 1992 and again in 1996 before standing aside as per the constitution.</small> | + | |align=center|[[Jerry Rawlings]] ||align=center| [[Ghana]] ||align=center| 1981-1992 || <small>Gained power in a military coup during 1979 but handed it over. Re-took power in another coup of 1981. Elected President in 1992 and again in 1996 before standing aside as per the constitution.</small> |
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| | |align=center|[[André Kolingba]] ||align=center| [[Central African Republic]] ||align=center| 1981–1993 || <small>Chairman of the Military Committee of National Recovery 1981-1985; President of the Central African Republic 1985-1993. Gained power in a coup; persecuted opposition; allowed (and lost) free elections in 1993. Attempted second coup in 2001.</small> | | |align=center|[[André Kolingba]] ||align=center| [[Central African Republic]] ||align=center| 1981–1993 || <small>Chairman of the Military Committee of National Recovery 1981-1985; President of the Central African Republic 1985-1993. Gained power in a coup; persecuted opposition; allowed (and lost) free elections in 1993. Attempted second coup in 2001.</small> |
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| | |align=center|[[Hissène Habré]] ||align=center| [[Chad]] ||align=center| 1982–1990 || <small>Chairman of the Council of State 1982; President of Chad 1982-1990. Gained power in a coup; abolished post of Prime Minister; executed opposition leaders.</small> | | |align=center|[[Hissène Habré]] ||align=center| [[Chad]] ||align=center| 1982–1990 || <small>Chairman of the Council of State 1982; President of Chad 1982-1990. Gained power in a coup; abolished post of Prime Minister; executed opposition leaders.</small> |
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| − | |align=center|[[Thomas Sankara]] ||align=center| [[Burkina Faso]] ||align=center| 1983–1987 || <small>President of Upper Volta 1983-1984; President of Burkina Faso 1984-1987. Gained power in coup. Lead millitary regime. Overthrown and killed in coup.</small> | + | |align=center|[[Thomas Sankara]] ||align=center| [[Burkina Faso]] ||align=center| 1983-1987 || <small>President of Upper Volta 1983-1984; President of Burkina Faso 1984-1987. Gained power in coup. Lead millitary regime. Overthrown and killed in coup.</small> |
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| | |align=center|[[Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya]] ||align=center| [[Mauritania]] ||align=center| 1984–2005 || <small>Deposed the military head of state, [[Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla]], on December 1984 and declared himself Chairman of the Military Committee for National Salvation. Deposed by [[Ely Ould Mohamed Vall]] in a bloodless coup d'état. </small> | | |align=center|[[Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya]] ||align=center| [[Mauritania]] ||align=center| 1984–2005 || <small>Deposed the military head of state, [[Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla]], on December 1984 and declared himself Chairman of the Military Committee for National Salvation. Deposed by [[Ely Ould Mohamed Vall]] in a bloodless coup d'état. </small> |
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| − | |align=center|[[Ibrahim Babangida]] ||align=center| [[Nigeria]] ||align=center| 1985–1993 || <small> Annulled the most free and fair presidential election in the history of Nigeria, leading to the death of the presidenstial candidate [[Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola]].</small> | + | |align=center|[[Ibrahim Babangida]] ||align=center| [[Nigeria]] ||align=center| 1985-1993 || <small> Annulled the most free and fair presidential election in the history of Nigeria, leading to the death of the presidenstial candidate [[Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola]].</small> |
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| | |align=center|[[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]] ||align=center| [[Tunisia]] ||align=center| '''1987–2011''' || <small>President of Tunisia. Although he announced [[Pluralism#Plualism in politics|political pluralism]] in 1992, his Democratic Constitutional Rally (formerly Neo-Destour party) continues to dominate the national politics and there is no genuine open political debate. In 1999, although two unknown alternative candidates were permitted for the first time to stand in the presidential elections, Ben Ali was re-elected with 99.66% of the vote. A controversial constitutional referendum in 2002 allowed him to seek re-election and contemplate the possibility of remaining in office until 2014. On October 24, 2004, he was again re-elected, officially taking 94.48% of the vote. Certain books, periodicals and internet sites are banned or blocked. The [http://www.tunisiatv.com National Television] frequently show his actions during a week, but often the President only appears in passing on television. In 2011 he was forced from power after mass protests.</small> | | |align=center|[[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]] ||align=center| [[Tunisia]] ||align=center| '''1987–2011''' || <small>President of Tunisia. Although he announced [[Pluralism#Plualism in politics|political pluralism]] in 1992, his Democratic Constitutional Rally (formerly Neo-Destour party) continues to dominate the national politics and there is no genuine open political debate. In 1999, although two unknown alternative candidates were permitted for the first time to stand in the presidential elections, Ben Ali was re-elected with 99.66% of the vote. A controversial constitutional referendum in 2002 allowed him to seek re-election and contemplate the possibility of remaining in office until 2014. On October 24, 2004, he was again re-elected, officially taking 94.48% of the vote. Certain books, periodicals and internet sites are banned or blocked. The [http://www.tunisiatv.com National Television] frequently show his actions during a week, but often the President only appears in passing on television. In 2011 he was forced from power after mass protests.</small> |
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| − | |align=center|[[Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir]] ||align=center| [[Sudan]] ||align=center| '''1989–present''' || <small>President of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation 1989-1993; President of Sudan 1993–present. Took power in a military coup and increasingly centralized power into himself. Widely believed to be implicated in the [[Darfur]] [[Janjaweed]] [[pogrom]]s.</small> | + | |align=center|[[Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir]] ||align=center| [[Sudan]] ||align=center| '''1989–present''' || <small>President of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation 1989-1993; President of Sudan 1993-present. Took power in a military coup and increasingly centralized power into himself. Widely believed to be implicated in the [[Darfur]] [[Janjaweed]] [[pogrom]]s.</small> |
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| | |align=center|[[Idriss Déby]] ||align=center| [[Chad]] ||align=center| '''1990–present''' || <small>Head of State 1990-1991; President of Chad 1991 to date. Gained power in a coup; continues to suppress opposition and press (see [http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/tcd-summary-eng]).</small> | | |align=center|[[Idriss Déby]] ||align=center| [[Chad]] ||align=center| '''1990–present''' || <small>Head of State 1990-1991; President of Chad 1991 to date. Gained power in a coup; continues to suppress opposition and press (see [http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/tcd-summary-eng]).</small> |
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| | |align=center|[[Sani Abacha]] ||align=center| [[Nigeria]] ||align=center| 1993–1998 || <small>Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council 1993-1998. Seized power in a coup; persecuted opposition; never stood for election. Jailed Chief [[Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola]], the presumed winner of the annulled 1993 presidential election; presided over execution of activist [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]].</small> | | |align=center|[[Sani Abacha]] ||align=center| [[Nigeria]] ||align=center| 1993–1998 || <small>Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council 1993-1998. Seized power in a coup; persecuted opposition; never stood for election. Jailed Chief [[Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola]], the presumed winner of the annulled 1993 presidential election; presided over execution of activist [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]].</small> |
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| − | |align=center|[[Paul Kagame]] || align=center|[[Rwanda]] || align=center|'''1994–present''' || <small>Vice-President of Rwanda 1994-2000; President 2000–Present. Brouhgt to power by a guerilla movement which plunged the country into bloodshed and led to the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. Responsible of the the killings of innocent civilians, women and children in Kibeho refugee camp. Responsible of the killings of 4 millions congolese. Responsible of the killings of Priests and Archbishops in Kabgayi.</small> | + | |align=center|[[Paul Kagame]] || align=center|[[Rwanda]] || align=center|'''1994-present''' || <small>Vice-President of Rwanda 1994-2000; President 2000-Present. Brouhgt to power by a guerilla movement which plunged the country into bloodshed and led to the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. Responsible of the the killings of innocent civilians, women and children in Kibeho refugee camp. Responsible of the killings of 4 millions congolese. Responsible of the killings of Priests and Archbishops in Kabgayi.</small> |
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| − | |align=center|[[Yahya Jammeh]] ||align=center| [[The Gambia]] ||align=center| '''1994–Present''' || <small>President of The Gambia. Gained power in coup d'état. Right to the press and free speech supressed. Stood for three elections (1996, 2001, and 2006); last election deemed unfair by opposition. | + | |align=center|[[Yahya Jammeh]] ||align=center| [[The Gambia]] ||align=center| '''1994-Present''' || <small>President of The Gambia. Gained power in coup d'état. Right to the press and free speech supressed. Stood for three elections (1996, 2001, and 2006); last election deemed unfair by opposition. |
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| | |align=center|[[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] ||align=center| [[Congo-Kinshasa]] ||align=center| 1997–2001 || <small>President of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Overthrew [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] in coup. No elections held during ongoing, interstate [[First Congo War|First]] and [[Second Congo War]]s.</small> | | |align=center|[[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] ||align=center| [[Congo-Kinshasa]] ||align=center| 1997–2001 || <small>President of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Overthrew [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] in coup. No elections held during ongoing, interstate [[First Congo War|First]] and [[Second Congo War]]s.</small> |
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| − | |align=center|[[Charles G. Taylor]] ||align=center| [[Liberia]] ||align=center| 1997–2003 || <small>President of Liberia 1997-2003. Elected, but widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.guardian.co.uk/sierra/article/0,2763,221878,00.html], [http://www.cij.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=viewNews&newsID=9], [http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2003/127/48.0.html]). Linked to "[[blood diamonds]]" and illegal arms trading. Believed to have interfered frequently in the internal affairs of neighboring states while a [[warlord]], before his election to the presidency.</small> | + | |align=center|[[Charles G. Taylor]] ||align=center| [[Liberia]] ||align=center| 1997–2003 || <small>President of Liberia 1997-2003. Elected, but widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.guardian.co.uk/sierra/article/0,2763,221878,00.html], [http://www.cij.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=viewNews&newsID=9], [http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2003/127/48.0.html]). Linked to "[[blood diamonds]]" and illegal arms trading. Believed to have interfered frequently in the internal affairs of neighboring states while a [[warlord]], before his election to the presidency.</small> |
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| | |align=center|[[François Bozizé]] ||align=center| [[Central African Republic]] ||align=center| '''2003–present''' || <small>President of the Central African Republic 2003 to date. Gained power in a coup and suspended the constitution, though he has restored some democracy (see [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/02/28/1456242]).</small> | | |align=center|[[François Bozizé]] ||align=center| [[Central African Republic]] ||align=center| '''2003–present''' || <small>President of the Central African Republic 2003 to date. Gained power in a coup and suspended the constitution, though he has restored some democracy (see [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/02/28/1456242]).</small> |
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| − | |align=center|[[Ely Ould Mohamed Vall]] ||align=center| [[Mauritania]] ||align=center| 2005–2007 || <small>Chairman of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy. Gained power via a military coup. Though he has said to relinquish power to an elected government in 2007.</small> | + | |align=center|[[Ely Ould Mohamed Vall]] ||align=center| [[Mauritania]] ||align=center| 2005-2007 || <small>Chairman of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy. Gained power via a military coup. Though he has said to relinquish power to an elected government in 2007.</small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Agustín de Iturbide]] || align=center|[[Mexico]] || align=center|1822 - 1823<br> || <small>Shortly after the Mexican War of Independence, he was declared Emperor of Mexico in 1822. Repressive, cracked down on free speech and any opposition. Desposed when popular opposition forced him to abdicate.</small> | | | align=center|[[Agustín de Iturbide]] || align=center|[[Mexico]] || align=center|1822 - 1823<br> || <small>Shortly after the Mexican War of Independence, he was declared Emperor of Mexico in 1822. Repressive, cracked down on free speech and any opposition. Desposed when popular opposition forced him to abdicate.</small> |
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| − | | align=center|[[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] || align=center|[[Mexico]] || align=center|1833 - 1855<br>(intermittent) || <small>President or Provisional President of Mexico 1833-1837, then 1841 to February 1844, June to December 1844, March to September 1847 and finally 1853-1855. When [[Anastasio Bustamante]] led a coup overthrowing and killing President [[Vicente Guerrero]], Santa Anna seized power and then was elected President in 1833. At first he gave a free hand to his vice-president [[Valentín Gómez Farías]], a liberal reformer. Later he dismissed Gómez Farías, declared the Constitution suspended, disbanded the Congress and worked to concentrate power in the central government. He was overthrown and restored to power several times before his final overthrow in 1855.</small> | + | | align=center|[[Antonio López de Santa Anna|Antonio López de Santa Anna]] || align=center|[[Mexico]] || align=center|1833 - 1855<br>(intermittent) || <small>President or Provisional President of Mexico 1833-1837, then 1841 to February 1844, June to December 1844, March to September 1847 and finally 1853-1855. When [[Anastasio Bustamante]] led a coup overthrowing and killing President [[Vicente Guerrero]], Santa Anna seized power and then was elected President in 1833. At first he gave a free hand to his vice-president [[Valentín Gómez Farías]], a liberal reformer. Later he dismissed Gómez Farías, declared the Constitution suspended, disbanded the Congress and worked to concentrate power in the central government. He was overthrown and restored to power several times before his final overthrow in 1855.</small> |
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| − | | align=center|[[Porfirio Díaz]] || align=center|[[Mexico]] || align=center|1879–1910 || <small>Interim president 1876-1877; President of Mexico 1877-1880, 1884-1911. ''De facto'' ruler 1880-1884. Gained power in a coup, after his Revolution of Tuxtepac overthrew his predecessor, Lerdo. He did not run for reelection after his first term in order to keep his one-term promises that he made during his revolution. However, he retook the presidency a few years later and did not leave from power until the [[Mexican Revolution|Revolution of 1910]] kicked him from the Presidency. His rule saw the rapid modernization of Mexico, progress mainly caused by Diaz's encouragement of foreign investment in the country's infrastructure. However, the poor became quite miserable during this time. Political opposition was squelched and rebellions were put down by the ''rurals'', Diaz's personal guard. He was eventually overthrown by the [[Mexican Revolution|Revolution]] which lasted 10 years.</small> | + | | align=center|[[Porfirio Díaz]] || align=center|[[Mexico]] || align=center|1879 - 1910 || <small>Interim president 1876-1877; President of Mexico 1877-1880, 1884-1911. ''De facto'' ruler 1880-1884. Gained power in a coup, after his Revolution of Tuxtepac overthrew his predecessor, Lerdo. He did not run for reelection after his first term in order to keep his one-term promises that he made during his revolution. However, he retook the presidency a few years later and did not leave from power until the [[Mexican Revolution|Revolution of 1910]] kicked him from the Presidency. His rule saw the rapid modernization of Mexico, progress mainly caused by Diaz's encouragement of foreign investment in the country's infrastructure. However, the poor became quite miserable during this time. Political opposition was squelched and rebellions were put down by the ''rurals'', Diaz's personal guard. He was eventually overthrown by the [[Mexican Revolution|Revolution]] which lasted 10 years.</small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Victoriano Huerta]] || align=center|[[Mexico]] || align=center|1913 - 1914<br> || <small>Appointed president, established a military dictatorship for about a year, and then was forced to resign.</small> | | | align=center|[[Victoriano Huerta]] || align=center|[[Mexico]] || align=center|1913 - 1914<br> || <small>Appointed president, established a military dictatorship for about a year, and then was forced to resign.</small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Rafael Carrera]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1844–1848<br> 1851–1865 ||<small> President of Guatemala. Gained power in a coup; styled himself [[President for Life]].</small> | | | align=center|[[Rafael Carrera]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1844–1848<br> 1851–1865 ||<small> President of Guatemala. Gained power in a coup; styled himself [[President for Life]].</small> |
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| − | |align=center|[[William Walker]] ||align=center| [[Nicaragua]] ||align=center| 1856–1857 || <small>An american fillibuster takes over and proclaims himself President of Nicaragua. Tried to conquer several central american countries. Eventually executed.<small> | + | |align=center|[[William Walker]] ||align=center| [[Nicaragua]] ||align=center| 1856-1857 || <small>An american fillibuster takes over and proclaims himself President of Nicaragua. Tried to conquer several central american countries. Eventually executed.<small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Justo Rufino Barrios]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1873–1885 || <small>President of Guatemala. Gained power in a bloody coup, but introduced reforms.</small> | | | align=center|[[Justo Rufino Barrios]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1873–1885 || <small>President of Guatemala. Gained power in a bloody coup, but introduced reforms.</small> |
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| − | | align=center|[[Manuel Estrada Cabrera]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1898–1920 || <small>President of Guatemala. Never elected; subverted constitution; widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9033093], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761558775/Estrada_Cabrera_Manuel.html]). Constructed numerous large [[Ancient Greece|Hellenic]]-style temples as monuments to his rule.</small> | + | | align=center|[[Manuel Estrada Cabrera]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1898–1920 || <small>President of Guatemala. Never elected; subverted constitution; widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9033093], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761558775/Estrada_Cabrera_Manuel.html]). Constructed numerous large [[Ancient Greece|Hellenic]]-style temples as monuments to his rule.</small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Maximiliano Hernández Martínez]] || align=center|[[El Salvador]] || align=center|1931–1934<br>1935–1944 || <small>Acting President 1931-1934; President of El Salvador 1935-1944. Gained power in a coup; suppressed opposition; oversaw massacre of between ten and forty thousand suspected opponents. Presided over ''[[1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising|La Matanza]]'' in 1932, a massacre (genocide) of communists, suspected communists, [[campesinos]] and [[Pipil]] Indians (see [http://countrystudies.us/el-salvador/7.htm]).</small> | | | align=center|[[Maximiliano Hernández Martínez]] || align=center|[[El Salvador]] || align=center|1931–1934<br>1935–1944 || <small>Acting President 1931-1934; President of El Salvador 1935-1944. Gained power in a coup; suppressed opposition; oversaw massacre of between ten and forty thousand suspected opponents. Presided over ''[[1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising|La Matanza]]'' in 1932, a massacre (genocide) of communists, suspected communists, [[campesinos]] and [[Pipil]] Indians (see [http://countrystudies.us/el-salvador/7.htm]).</small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Jorge Ubico]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1931–1944 || <small>President of Guatemala. Elected, but suppressed opposition and "assumed dictatorial powers".<!--Source?--></small> | | | align=center|[[Jorge Ubico]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1931–1944 || <small>President of Guatemala. Elected, but suppressed opposition and "assumed dictatorial powers".<!--Source?--></small> |
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| − | | align=center|[[Tiburcio Carías Andino]] || align=center|[[Honduras]] || align=center|1933–1949 || <small>President of Honduras. Banned opposition and set up a [[Rubberstamp (politics)|rubber-stamp]] congress; suppressed unions (see [http://countrystudies.us/honduras/19.htm]).</small> | + | | align=center|[[Tiburcio Carías Andino]] || align=center|[[Honduras]] || align=center|1933–1949 || <small>President of Honduras. Banned opposition and set up a [[Rubberstamp (politics)|rubber-stamp]] congress; suppressed unions (see[http://countrystudies.us/honduras/19.htm]).</small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Anastasio Somoza García]] || align=center|[[Nicaragua]] || align=center|1937–1956 || <small>Somoza used his position as head of the [[National Guard (Nicaragua)|National Guard]] to overthrow President [[Juan Bautista Sacasa]]; centralized constitutional authority under his control; alternately rigged elections for himself or installed relatives in his place; kleptocrat.[http://www.immigrantinfo.org/kin/nicaragua.htm][http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9212.html].</small> | | | align=center|[[Anastasio Somoza García]] || align=center|[[Nicaragua]] || align=center|1937–1956 || <small>Somoza used his position as head of the [[National Guard (Nicaragua)|National Guard]] to overthrow President [[Juan Bautista Sacasa]]; centralized constitutional authority under his control; alternately rigged elections for himself or installed relatives in his place; kleptocrat.[http://www.immigrantinfo.org/kin/nicaragua.htm][http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9212.html].</small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Carlos Castillo Armas]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1954–1957 || <small>Junta Chairman, 1954; President of Guatemala 1954-1957. Gained power in a coup; banned the popular [[Guatemalan Party of Labour|Communist party]]; purged trade unions of leftist influence; declared himself president in 1956. Assassinated.</small> | | | align=center|[[Carlos Castillo Armas]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1954–1957 || <small>Junta Chairman, 1954; President of Guatemala 1954-1957. Gained power in a coup; banned the popular [[Guatemalan Party of Labour|Communist party]]; purged trade unions of leftist influence; declared himself president in 1956. Assassinated.</small> |
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| − | | align=center|[[Oswaldo López Arellano]] || align=center|[[Honduras]] || align=center|1963–1971 <br> 1972–1975 ||<small> Head of Military Government 1963-1965; President of Honduras 1965-1971; Head of State 1972-1975. Military officer who allowed elections in 1971 before re-seizing power the next year. According to Clara Nieto in ''Masters of War: Latin America and United States Aggression from the Cuban Revolution through the Clinton years'', p. 114 (ISBN 1-58322-545-5): "During this second term (1972-1975) López governed without a congress and by decree."</small> | + | | align=center|[[Oswaldo López Arellano]] || align=center|[[Honduras]] || align=center|1963–1971 <br> 1972–1975 ||<small> Head of Military Government 1963-1965; President of Honduras 1965-1971; Head of State 1972-1975. Military officer who allowed elections in 1971 before re-seizing power the next year. According to Clara Nieto in ''Masters of War: Latin America and United States Aggression from the Cuban Revolution through the Clinton years'', p. 114 (ISBN 1-58322-545-5): "During this second term (1972-1975) López governed without a congress and by decree."</small> |
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| − | | align=center|[[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]] || align=center|[[Nicaragua]] || align=center|1967–1979 || <small>Succeeded his somewhat more liberal brother [[Luis Somoza Debayle|Luis]]; stepped down briefly in 1972, then resumed the presidency after an earthquake; outlawed several opposition parties; declared [[martial law]] in response to guerilla opposition; oversaw brutal repression by the National Guard. | + | | align=center|[[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]] || align=center|[[Nicaragua]] || align=center|1967-1979 || <small>Succeeded his somewhat more liberal brother [[Luis Somoza Debayle|Luis]]; stepped down briefly in 1972, then resumed the presidency after an earthquake; outlawed several opposition parties; declared [[martial law]] in response to guerilla opposition; oversaw brutal repression by the National Guard. |
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| | | align=center|[[Omar Torrijos]] || align=center|[[Panama]] || align=center|1968–1981 || <small>Commander of the National Guard. Gained power in a coup; banned opposition, unions and free press.</small> | | | align=center|[[Omar Torrijos]] || align=center|[[Panama]] || align=center|1968–1981 || <small>Commander of the National Guard. Gained power in a coup; banned opposition, unions and free press.</small> |
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| | ! Name !! Country !! Years<br>in power !! Notes | | ! Name !! Country !! Years<br>in power !! Notes |
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| − | | align=center|[[José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1813–1814 and 1814–1840 ||<small>gained power in election. Outlawed all opposition. Installed a police state. Cult of personality; citizens forced to raise their hats or a brim when he passed by; styled himself with the position name "El Supremo". </small> | + | | align=center|[[José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1813-1814 and 1814-1840 ||<small>gained power in election. Outlawed all opposition. Installed a police state. Cult of personality; citizens forced to raise their hats or a brim when he passed by; styled himself with the position name "El Supremo". </small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Simón Bolívar]] || align=center| [[Gran Columbia]] || align=center| 1821–1830 || <small>Though an admirer of classical liberal democracy, the founder and president of Gran Colombia proclaimed himself dictator in 1828 after an unsuccessful constitutional convention. Resigned eighteen months later.</small> | + | | align=center| [[Simón Bolívar]] || align=center| [[Gran Columbia]] || align=center| 1821-1830 || <small>Though an admirer of classical liberal democracy, the founder and president of Gran Colombia proclaimed himself dictator in 1828 after an unsuccessful constitutional convention. Resigned eighteen months later.</small> |
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| − | | align=center|[[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] || align=center|[[Argentina]] || align=center|1835–1852 || <small>Governor of Buenos Aires 1829-1832, 1835–1852; Supreme Chief of the Argentine Confederation 1851-1852. Assumed dictatorial powers; exiled opponents.</small> | + | | align=center|[[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] || align=center|[[Argentina]] || align=center|1835–1852 || <small>Governor of Buenos Aires 1829-1832, 1835-1852; Supreme Chief of the Argentine Confederation 1851-1852. Assumed dictatorial powers; exiled opponents.</small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Carlos Antonio López]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1841–1862 || <small>First Consul 1841-1844; President of Paraguay 1844-1862. <!--Substantiate: "Ruled despotically" - described as a dictator.--></small> | | | align=center|[[Carlos Antonio López]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1841–1862 || <small>First Consul 1841-1844; President of Paraguay 1844-1862. <!--Substantiate: "Ruled despotically" - described as a dictator.--></small> |
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| − | | align=center|[[Manuel Belzu]] || align=center|[[Bolivia]] || align=center|1848–1855 || <small>Provisional President of Bolivia 1848-1850; President of Bolivia 1850-1855. Unelected military ruler; ''[[caudillo]]''. A populist and nationalist who voluntarily relinquished power after 1855 elections, described in (ISBN 0-13-524356-4), p. 131, as the "cleanest ever held" in (early) Bolivian history.</small> | + | | align=center|[[Manuel Belzu]] || align=center|[[Bolivia]] || align=center|1848–1855 || <small>Provisional President of Bolivia 1848-1850; President of Bolivia 1850-1855. Unelected military ruler; ''[[caudillo]]''. A populist and nationalist who voluntarily relinquished power after 1855 elections, described in (ISBN 0-13-524356-4), p.131, as the "cleanest ever held" in (early) Bolivian history.</small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Francisco Solano López]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1862–1869 ||<small> President of Paraguay. Inherited power from his father; had himself awarded immense powers by a congress he had packed with supporters. Killed in the [[War of the Triple Alliance]] (which Lopez had caused by invading Brazil), along with 90 per cent of the Paraguayan adult (age 14+) male population.</small> | | | align=center|[[Francisco Solano López]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1862–1869 ||<small> President of Paraguay. Inherited power from his father; had himself awarded immense powers by a congress he had packed with supporters. Killed in the [[War of the Triple Alliance]] (which Lopez had caused by invading Brazil), along with 90 per cent of the Paraguayan adult (age 14+) male population.</small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Mariano Melgarejo]] || align=center|[[Bolivia]] || align=center|1864–1871 || <small>Provisional President 1864-1870; President of Bolivia 1870-1871. Gained power in a coup and ruthlessly suppressed opposition. In 1869 he sent the army to suppress an uprising by [[Huaichu]] Indians attempting to regain land privileges they enjoyed under President Belzu (see ISBN 1-55753-324-5).</small> | | | align=center|[[Mariano Melgarejo]] || align=center|[[Bolivia]] || align=center|1864–1871 || <small>Provisional President 1864-1870; President of Bolivia 1870-1871. Gained power in a coup and ruthlessly suppressed opposition. In 1869 he sent the army to suppress an uprising by [[Huaichu]] Indians attempting to regain land privileges they enjoyed under President Belzu (see ISBN 1-55753-324-5).</small> |
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| − | | align=center|[[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]] || align=center|[[Venezuela]] || align=center|1870–1888 ||<small> Acting President of Venezuela 1863, 1865; General-in-chief April–July 1870; Provisional President of Venezuela 1870-1873; President of Venezuela 1873 - 1877; Supreme Director 1879; Provisional President of Venezuela 1879 - 1880; President of Venezuela 1880 -1884, 1886 -1888. Described, perhaps inaccurately, as a "benevolent despot"; other sources mention his "long dictatorship" (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:ghIhQZ7WhgUJ:www.normangall.com/artigos/Church_Militant.pdf+Antonio+Guzm%C3%A1n+Blanco+%22dictator%22]).</small> | + | | align=center|[[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]] || align=center|[[Venezuela]] || align=center|1870–1888 ||<small> Acting President of Venezuela 1863, 1865; General-in-chief April-July 1870; Provisional President of Venezuela 1870-1873; President of Venezuela 1873 - 1877; Supreme Director 1879; Provisional President of Venezuela 1879 - 1880; President of Venezuela 1880 -1884, 1886 -1888. Described, perhaps inaccurately, as a "benevolent despot"; other sources mention his "long dictatorship" (see[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:ghIhQZ7WhgUJ:www.normangall.com/artigos/Church_Militant.pdf+Antonio+Guzm%C3%A1n+Blanco+%22dictator%22]).</small> |
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| − | | align=center|[[Cipriano Castro]] || align=center|[[Venezuela]] || align=center|1899–1909 || <small>Supreme Chief 1899-1901; Provisional President 1901 - 1902, 1904–1905; President of Venezuela 1902 - 1904, 1905 - 1909. Took over in a military coup (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:kdvql1ZK2-4J:www.sg.inter.edu/revista-ciscla/volume29/singh.pdf+Antonio+Guzm%C3%A1n+Blanco+%22dictator%22]).</small> | + | | align=center|[[Cipriano Castro]] || align=center|[[Venezuela]] || align=center|1899–1909 || <small>Supreme Chief 1899-1901; Provisional President 1901 - 1902, 1904 - 1905; President of Venezuela 1902 - 1904, 1905 - 1909. Took over in a military coup (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:kdvql1ZK2-4J:www.sg.inter.edu/revista-ciscla/volume29/singh.pdf+Antonio+Guzm%C3%A1n+Blanco+%22dictator%22]).</small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Rafael Reyes]] || align=center|[[Colombia]] || align=center|1904–1909 || <small>President 1904 - 1909, as a military ruler representing the Conservatives. "In the course of his regime, Reyes improved the country’s finances, expanded roads and railroads, and encouraged increased coffee production. Large U.S. investments and purchases of coffee and minerals contributed to Colombia’s economic growth. However, Reyes ruled as a dictator. He dissolved the congress and replaced it with a handpicked legislature, jailed and exiled political opponents, and declared martial law." (''Colombia'', [[Encarta|Microsoft Encarta]] 2003)</small> | | | align=center|[[Rafael Reyes]] || align=center|[[Colombia]] || align=center|1904–1909 || <small>President 1904 - 1909, as a military ruler representing the Conservatives. "In the course of his regime, Reyes improved the country’s finances, expanded roads and railroads, and encouraged increased coffee production. Large U.S. investments and purchases of coffee and minerals contributed to Colombia’s economic growth. However, Reyes ruled as a dictator. He dissolved the congress and replaced it with a handpicked legislature, jailed and exiled political opponents, and declared martial law." (''Colombia'', [[Encarta|Microsoft Encarta]] 2003)</small> |
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| − | | align=center|[[Juan Vicente Gómez]] || align=center|[[Venezuela]] || align=center|1909–1914 <br> 1922–1929 <br> 1931–1935 || <small>Provisional President 1909-1910; President of Venezuela 1910-1914, 1922–1929, 1931-1935. Gained power in a coup; never elected; kleptocrat; widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037322], [http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/movie.html?v_id=156078], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563557/Juan_Vicente_Gomez.html]).</small> | + | | align=center|[[Juan Vicente Gómez]] || align=center|[[Venezuela]] || align=center|1909–1914 <br> 1922–1929 <br> 1931–1935 || <small>Provisional President 1909-1910; President of Venezuela 1910-1914, 1922-1929, 1931-1935. Gained power in a coup; never elected; kleptocrat; widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037322], [http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/movie.html?v_id=156078], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563557/Juan_Vicente_Gomez.html]).</small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Óscar Benavides]] || align=center|[[Peru]] || align=center|1914–1915 <br> 1933–1939 ||<small> Junta Chairman 1914; President of Peru 1914-1915, 1933-1939. Twice gained power by coup.</small> | | | align=center|[[Óscar Benavides]] || align=center|[[Peru]] || align=center|1914–1915 <br> 1933–1939 ||<small> Junta Chairman 1914; President of Peru 1914-1915, 1933-1939. Twice gained power by coup.</small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Gustavo Rojas Pinilla]] || align=center|[[Colombia]] || align=center|1953–1957 || <small>President of Colombia. Gained power in a coup.</small> | | | align=center|[[Gustavo Rojas Pinilla]] || align=center|[[Colombia]] || align=center|1953–1957 || <small>President of Colombia. Gained power in a coup.</small> |
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| − | | align=center|[[Alfredo Stroessner]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1954–1989 ||<small> President of Paraguay. He took over in a military coup (see [http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19890301faessay5951/riordan-roett/paraguay-after-stroessner.html], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:vqkaVDmcvaIJ:www.columbia.edu/cu/polisci/pdf-files/apsa_krutz.pdf+Stroessner+dictator],[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:qfMgvA6bakgJ:users.ox.ac.uk/~newc1465/Proudman%2520-%2520SoftPowerMeetsHard.pdf+Stroessner+dictator]). </small> | + | | align=center|[[Alfredo Stroessner]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1954–1989 ||<small> President of Paraguay. He took over in a military coup (see[http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19890301faessay5951/riordan-roett/paraguay-after-stroessner.html], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:vqkaVDmcvaIJ:www.columbia.edu/cu/polisci/pdf-files/apsa_krutz.pdf+Stroessner+dictator],[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:qfMgvA6bakgJ:users.ox.ac.uk/~newc1465/Proudman%2520-%2520SoftPowerMeetsHard.pdf+Stroessner+dictator]). </small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco|Humberto Castelo Branco]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1964–1967 || <small>President of Brazil. Gained power in a coup; abolished most opposition; subsequently appointed by congress.</small> | | | align=center|[[Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco|Humberto Castelo Branco]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1964–1967 || <small>President of Brazil. Gained power in a coup; abolished most opposition; subsequently appointed by congress.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[René Barrientos]] || align=center|[[Bolivia]] || align=center|1964–1969 || <small>Chairman of the military junta, 1964-January 1966 (jointly with [[Alfredo Ovando]] 1965-1966); President of Bolivia, August 1966 - 1969. Gained power in military coup; kleptocrat; responsible for [[Catavi massacre]] and execution of [[Che Guevara]] (ISBN 0-85345-991-6), p. 136.</small> | + | | align=center|[[René Barrientos]] || align=center|[[Bolivia]] || align=center|1964–1969 || <small>Chairman of the military junta, 1964-January 1966 (jointly with [[Alfredo Ovando]] 1965-1966); President of Bolivia, August 1966 - 1969. Gained power in military coup; kleptocrat; responsible for [[Catavi massacre]] and execution of [[Che Guevara]] (ISBN 0-85345-991-6), p.136.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | align=center|[[Forbes Burnham]] || align=center|[[Guyana]] || align=center|1966–1985 ||<small> Prime Minister 1966 - 1980; President 1980 - 1985. Elected, but became increasingly dictatorial; held dubious elections and encouraged leftist religious cults (such as the [[Peoples Temple]]) to settle in the Guyanese interior (see [http://www.jagan.org/janet_jagan29.htm], [http://www.hardbeatnews.com/editor/RTE/my_documents/my_files/details.asp?newsid=4498&title=Politics]).</small> | | | align=center|[[Forbes Burnham]] || align=center|[[Guyana]] || align=center|1966–1985 ||<small> Prime Minister 1966 - 1980; President 1980 - 1985. Elected, but became increasingly dictatorial; held dubious elections and encouraged leftist religious cults (such as the [[Peoples Temple]]) to settle in the Guyanese interior (see [http://www.jagan.org/janet_jagan29.htm], [http://www.hardbeatnews.com/editor/RTE/my_documents/my_files/details.asp?newsid=4498&title=Politics]).</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Artur da Costa e Silva]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1967–1969 || <small>President of Brazil 1967-1969. Elected in 1966, but centralised power; closed the Congress; banned opposition; suspended free press. Decreed [[Institutional Act No. 5]], described as "the most unconstitutional, anti-democratic, arbitrary, and repressive decree in Brazil's history." (ISBN 1-58322-545-5), p. 167.</small> | + | | align=center|[[Artur da Costa e Silva]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1967–1969 || <small>President of Brazil 1967-1969. Elected in 1966, but centralised power; closed the Congress; banned opposition; suspended free press. Decreed [[Institutional Act No. 5]], described as "the most unconstitutional, anti-democratic, arbitrary, and repressive decree in Brazil's history." (ISBN 1-58322-545-5), p.167.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Emílio Garrastazu Médici]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1969–1974 ||<small> President of Brazil. Appointed by congress, but instituted a military government; suppressed press and opposition (see [http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/62/index.rtf]).</small> | + | | align=center|[[Emílio Garrastazu Médici]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1969–1974 ||<small> President of Brazil. Appointed by congress, but instituted a military government; suppressed press and opposition (see[http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/62/index.rtf]).</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | align=center|[[Hugo Banzer]] || align=center|[[Bolivia]] || align=center|1971–1978 ||<small> President of Bolivia. Gained power in a coup; suppressed opposition; closed universities; 3,000 opponents arrested, 200 killed.</small> | | | align=center|[[Hugo Banzer]] || align=center|[[Bolivia]] || align=center|1971–1978 ||<small> President of Bolivia. Gained power in a coup; suppressed opposition; closed universities; 3,000 opponents arrested, 200 killed.</small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Augusto Pinochet]] || align=center|[[Chile]] || align=center|1973–1990 || <small>Chairman of military junta 1973-1974; Supreme Head of the Nation 1974; President of Chile 1974 - 1990. Gained power in a coup; suppressed and exiled opposition; over 3000 "[[Forced disappearance|disappearances]]" and 28,000 tortured.</small> | | | align=center|[[Augusto Pinochet]] || align=center|[[Chile]] || align=center|1973–1990 || <small>Chairman of military junta 1973-1974; Supreme Head of the Nation 1974; President of Chile 1974 - 1990. Gained power in a coup; suppressed and exiled opposition; over 3000 "[[Forced disappearance|disappearances]]" and 28,000 tortured.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Ernesto Geisel]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1974–1979 || <small>Congress-appointed President of Brazil. The fourth of the military dictators; party and union freedom were still inexistent during his term; had oppositionists like journalist [[Wladimir Herzog]] and factory worker [[Manoel Fiel Filho]] tortured and murdered.</small> | + | | align=center|[[Ernesto Geisel]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1974-1979 || <small>Congress-appointed President of Brazil. The fourth of the military dictators; party and union freedom were still inexistent during his term; had oppositionists like journalist [[Wladimir Herzog]] and factory worker [[Manoel Fiel Filho]] tortured and murdered.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | align=center|[[Jorge Rafael Videla]] || align=center|[[Argentina]] || align=center|1976–1981 || <small>President of Argentina. Gained power in a coup; never elected; between ten and thirty thousand opponents killed.</small> | | | align=center|[[Jorge Rafael Videla]] || align=center|[[Argentina]] || align=center|1976–1981 || <small>President of Argentina. Gained power in a coup; never elected; between ten and thirty thousand opponents killed.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1979–1985 || <small> Congress-appointed President of Brazil. Society won some democratic measures these years, but there was still a major fraud during 1982 State government elections. His government was responsible for the 1983 bomb in the Riocentro.</small> | + | | align=center|[[João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1979-1985 || <small> Congress-appointed President of Brazil. Society won some democratic measures these years, but there was still a major fraud during 1982 State government elections. His government was responsible for the 1983 bomb in the Riocentro.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | align=center|[[Dési Bouterse]] || align=center|[[Suriname]] || align=center|1980–1988 || <small>Chairman of the National Military Council 1980-1988. Gained power in a coup; never elected; widespread misrule. Most infamous atrocity is the ''[[Decembermoorden]]''.</small> | | | align=center|[[Dési Bouterse]] || align=center|[[Suriname]] || align=center|1980–1988 || <small>Chairman of the National Military Council 1980-1988. Gained power in a coup; never elected; widespread misrule. Most infamous atrocity is the ''[[Decembermoorden]]''.</small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Gregorio Conrado Álvarez]] || align=center|[[Uruguay]] || align=center|1981–1985 || <small>President of Uruguay. Ignored constitution; extensive human rights abuses (see [http://www.rulers.org/indexa2.html]).</small> | | | align=center|[[Gregorio Conrado Álvarez]] || align=center|[[Uruguay]] || align=center|1981–1985 || <small>President of Uruguay. Ignored constitution; extensive human rights abuses (see [http://www.rulers.org/indexa2.html]).</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Leopoldo Galtieri]] || align=center|[[Argentina]] || align=center|1981–1982 || <small>President of Argentina 1981-1982. Gained power in a coup (see [http://www.guardian.co.uk/argentina/story/0,,873601,00.html], [http://english.pravda.ru/world/2003/01/14/41968.html]). Deposed after failed [[Falklands War|invasion of the Falkland Islands]] in 1982.</small> | + | | align=center|[[Leopoldo Galtieri]] || align=center|[[Argentina]] || align=center|1981–1982 || <small>President of Argentina 1981-1982. Gained power in a coup (see[http://www.guardian.co.uk/argentina/story/0,,873601,00.html], [http://english.pravda.ru/world/2003/01/14/41968.html]). Deposed after failed [[Falklands War|invasion of the Falkland Islands]] in 1982.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |align=center| [[Alberto Fujimori]] || align=center|[[Peru]] || align=center|1992–1993 || <small>President of Peru 1990-2000, widely critizised for his political authoritarism. [http://www.fpif.org/briefs/vol5/v5n34peru_body.html][http://www.aprodeh.org.pe/fujimori/delitos-eng.htm] [http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ingles/pagina01.php]. After enjoying a certain degree of popular support, Fujimori was forced from office following controvertial third term re-election [http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/05/29/peru.elections.04/]. In 2000 political opponent Mario Vargas Llosa called Fujimori a "dictator" [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/741841.stm]. His government was also marked by the influence of the director of the SIN, [[Vladimiro Montesinos]] [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2005.00165.x?cookieSet=1&journalCode=goop][http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB37/]. Currently in Peru, Fujimori is in trial for presumed charges ranging from corruption to participation in crimes against humanity. [http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/americas/peru-qna-1030.htm].</small> | + | |align=center| [[Alberto Fujimori]] || align=center|[[Peru]] || align=center|1992-1993 || <small>President of Peru 1990-2000, widely critizised for his political authoritarism. [http://www.fpif.org/briefs/vol5/v5n34peru_body.html][http://www.aprodeh.org.pe/fujimori/delitos-eng.htm] [http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ingles/pagina01.php]. After enjoying a certain degree of popular support, Fujimori was forced from office following controvertial third term re-election[http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/05/29/peru.elections.04/]. In 2000 political opponent Mario Vargas Llosa called Fujimori a "dictator" [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/741841.stm]. His government was also marked by the influence of the director of the SIN, [[Vladimiro Montesinos]] [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2005.00165.x?cookieSet=1&journalCode=goop][http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB37/]. Currently in Peru, Fujimori is in trial for presumed charges ranging from corruption to participation in crimes against humanity. [http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/americas/peru-qna-1030.htm].</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |align=center|[[Hugo Chávez]] ||align=center| [[Venezuela]] ||align=center| '''1999–present || <small>Appointed special powers, nationalized the media and oil companies,Shut down opposition media and banned "The Simpsons."</small> | + | |align=center|[[Hugo Chávez]] ||align=center| [[Venezuela]] ||align=center| '''1999-present || <small>Appointed special powers, nationalized the media and oil companies,Shut down opposition media and banned "The Simpsons."</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| | |} | | |} |
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| | ! Name !! Country !! Years<br>in power !! Notes | | ! Name !! Country !! Years<br>in power !! Notes |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1804–1806 || <small>Governor-General of Haiti 1804; Emperor of Haiti (as Jacques I) 1804 - 1806. Ruled autocratically.</small> | + | | align=center|[[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1804-1806 || <small>Governor-General of Haiti 1804; Emperor of Haiti (as Jacques I) 1804 - 1806. Ruled autocratically.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Henry Christophe]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] <br>(northern)|| align=center|1806–1820 || <small>Provisional Chief of the Haitian Government 1806-1807; President of Haiti 1807-1811; King of Haiti (as Henry I) 1811-1820. Ruled autocratically.</small> | + | | align=center|[[Henry Christophe]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] <br>(northern)|| align=center|1806-1820 || <small>Provisional Chief of the Haitian Government 1806-1807; President of Haiti 1807-1811; King of Haiti (as Henry I) 1811-1820. Ruled autocratically.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Pedro Santana]] || align=center|[[Dominican Republic]] || align=center|1844–1848, 1853–1856, 1858–1861 || <small>Never elected; suppressed opposition; widely considered a dictator.</small> | + | | align=center|[[Pedro Santana]] || align=center|[[Dominican Republic]] || align=center|1844-1848, 1853 -1856, 1858 - 1861 || <small>Never elected; suppressed opposition; widely considered a dictator.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | align=center|[[Buenaventura Báez]] || align=center|[[Dominican Republic]] || align=center|1849-1878 (intermittent) || <small>President of the Dominican Republic five times. Gained power following coups; never elected.</small> | | | align=center|[[Buenaventura Báez]] || align=center|[[Dominican Republic]] || align=center|1849-1878 (intermittent) || <small>President of the Dominican Republic five times. Gained power following coups; never elected.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Ulises Heureaux]] || align=center|[[Dominican Republic]] || align=center|1882-1899 (intermittent) || <small>President of the Dominican Republic three times. Never elected; widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.marcusgarvey.com/wmview.php?ArtID=507], [http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/8.htm], [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2004.00452.x]).</small> | + | | align=center|[[Ulises Heureaux]] || align=center|[[Dominican Republic]] || align=center|1882-1899 (intermittent) || <small>President of the Dominican Republic three times. Never elected; widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.marcusgarvey.com/wmview.php?ArtID=507], [http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/8.htm], [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2004.00452.x]).</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Gerardo Machado]] || align=center|[[Cuba]] || align=center|1925–1933 || <small>President of Cuba. A follower of [[Benito Mussolini]], he is widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=672], [http://www.highbeam.com/ref/doc0.asp?docid=1E1:MachadoG]).</small> | + | | align=center|[[Gerardo Machado]] || align=center|[[Cuba]] || align=center|1925-1933 || <small>President of Cuba. A follower of [[Benito Mussolini]], he is widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=672], [http://www.highbeam.com/ref/doc0.asp?docid=1E1:MachadoG]).</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Rafael Trujillo]] || align=center|[[Dominican Republic]] || align=center|1930–1961 || <small>President of the Dominican Republic 1930 - 1938, 1942–1952; ''de facto'' ruler 1930-1961. Gained power in a coup; cult of personality (renamed the capital [[Ciudad Trujillo]]); promoted racism against Haitians and ordered the massacre of 20,000 blacks.</small> | + | | align=center|[[Rafael Trujillo]] || align=center|[[Dominican Republic]] || align=center|1930-1961 || <small>President of the Dominican Republic 1930 - 1938, 1942 - 1952; ''de facto'' ruler 1930-1961. Gained power in a coup; cult of personality (renamed the capital [[Ciudad Trujillo]]); promoted racism against Haitians and ordered the massacre of 20,000 blacks.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Paul Magloire]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1950–1956 || <small>President of Haiti. Gained power in a coup; never elected.</small> | + | | align=center|[[Paul Magloire]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1950-1956 || <small>President of Haiti. Gained power in a coup; never elected.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center| [[Fulgencio Batista]] || align=center| [[Cuba]] || align=center| 1952–1959 || <small>President of Cuba 1940-1944; 1952-1959. Gained power the second time in a coup; suppressed opposition violently. Use of torture and collective punishment. Mafia ties.</small> | + | | align=center| [[Fulgencio Batista]] || align=center| [[Cuba]] || align=center| 1952-1959 || <small>President of Cuba 1940-1944; 1952-1959. Gained power the second time in a coup; suppressed opposition violently. Use of torture and collective punishment. Mafia ties.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[François Duvalier]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1957–1971 ||<small> President of Haiti. Elected in 1957, but banned opposition; declared himself [[President for Life]] in 1964; highly repressive.</small> | + | | align=center|[[François Duvalier]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1957-1971 ||<small> President of Haiti. Elected in 1957, but banned opposition; declared himself [[President for Life]] in 1964; highly repressive.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Fidel Castro]] || align=center|[[Cuba]] || align=center| 1959–2006 || <small>Prime Minister of Cuba 1959-1976; President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers from 1976. Gained power after [[Cuban Revolution|revolution]]. Castro was elected President [[Elections in Cuba|after 1976]], but within a one-party [[Communist state]].</small> | + | | align=center|[[Fidel Castro]] || align=center|[[Cuba]] || align=center| 1959-2006 || <small>Prime Minister of Cuba 1959-1976; President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers from 1976. Gained power after [[Cuban Revolution|revolution]]. Castro was elected President [[Elections in Cuba|after 1976]], but within a one-party [[Communist state]].</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Jean-Claude Duvalier]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1971–1986 ||<small> President of Haiti. Inherited presidency aged 19 from his father; never elected.</small> | + | | align=center|[[Jean-Claude Duvalier]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1971-1986 ||<small> President of Haiti. Inherited presidency aged 19 from his father; never elected.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Eric Gairy]] || align=center|[[Grenada]] || align=center|1974–1979 || <small>Prime Minister of Grenada 1967-1979. Widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.factbites.com/topics/Eric-Gairy], [http://www.paradise-inn-carriacou.com/grenada_revolution.php], [http://counterpunch.org/gibson06052004.html]). </small> | + | | align=center|[[Eric Gairy]] || align=center|[[Grenada]] || align=center|1974-1979 || <small>Prime Minister of Grenada 1967-1979. Widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.factbites.com/topics/Eric-Gairy], [http://www.paradise-inn-carriacou.com/grenada_revolution.php], [http://counterpunch.org/gibson06052004.html]). </small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Raoul Cédras]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1991–1994 || <small>''De facto'' ruler for a relatively short period of time. Gained power in a coup (see [http://www.haitisupport.gn.apc.org/infamous.htm]).</small> | + | | align=center|[[Raoul Cédras]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1991-1994 || <small>''De facto'' ruler for a relatively short period of time. Gained power in a coup (see [http://www.haitisupport.gn.apc.org/infamous.htm]).</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |align=center|[[Raul Castro]] ||align=center| [[Cuba]] ||align=center| '''2006–present''' || <small>Appointed successor by his brother of the Communist Party of Cuba.</small> | + | |align=center|[[Raul Castro]] ||align=center| [[Cuba]] ||align=center| '''2006-present''' || <small>Appointed successor by his brother of the Communist Party of Cuba.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| | |} | | |} |
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| | | align=center|[[Saddam Hussein]] || align=center|[[Iraq]] || align=center|1979–2003 || <small>Pressured Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr to resign in 1979 and formally became president. Repressive; developed extensive personality cult; deposed by [[United States]] and coalition forces in an invasion.</small> | | | align=center|[[Saddam Hussein]] || align=center|[[Iraq]] || align=center|1979–2003 || <small>Pressured Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr to resign in 1979 and formally became president. Repressive; developed extensive personality cult; deposed by [[United States]] and coalition forces in an invasion.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Ali Khamenei|Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]]||align=center| [[Iran]] ||align=center| '''1989–present''' || <small>Continues Khomeini's [[Islamist]] path & uses religion as a tool, cracks down on all authentic dissent, tortures, and has given orders that permit killings like that of [[Akbar Mohammadi]] and [[Zahra Kazemi]]. Only permitts [[government-organized demonstrations]]. Allows a multi-party government but disallows the candidacy of true moderates.[http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=9940][http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1527919/][http://www.nationalreview.com/ledeen/ledeen200505310823.asp][http://www.deanesmay.com/posts/1154652871.shtml][http://isd.georgetown.edu/demo_0102.pdf][http://www.boycottliberalism.com/liberalcelebrity.htm]</small>ISBN 0-16-074590-X | + | | align=center|[[Ali Khamenei|Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]]||align=center| [[Iran]] ||align=center| '''1989-present''' || <small>Continues Khomeini's [[Islamist]] path & uses religion as a tool, cracks down on all authentic dissent, tortures, and has given orders that permit killings like that of [[Akbar Mohammadi]] and [[Zahra Kazemi]]. Only permitts [[government-organized demonstrations]]. Allows a multi-party government but disallows the candidacy of true moderates.[http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=9940][http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1527919/][http://www.nationalreview.com/ledeen/ledeen200505310823.asp][http://www.deanesmay.com/posts/1154652871.shtml][http://isd.georgetown.edu/demo_0102.pdf][http://www.boycottliberalism.com/liberalcelebrity.htm]</small>ISBN 0-16-074590-X |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Bashar al-Assad]] || align=center|[[Syria]] || align=center|'''2000–present''' || <small>No opposition permitted in election following death of his father; widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.opinionjournal.com/best/?id=110007449], [http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP92405], [http://www.freeman.org/m_online/feb04/pasko.htm]).</small> | + | | align=center|[[Bashar al-Assad]] || align=center|[[Syria]] || align=center|'''2000–present''' || <small>No opposition permitted in election following death of his father; widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.opinionjournal.com/best/?id=110007449], [http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP92405], [http://www.freeman.org/m_online/feb04/pasko.htm]).</small> |
| | |} | | |} |
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| | | align=center|[[Saparmurat Niyazov]] || align=center|[[Turkmenistan]] || align=center|1991–2006 || <small>Declared [[President for Life]] in 1999; [[cult of personality]]; his book ''[[Ruhnama]]'' is to be treated with reverence (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:blnbM3mP0eAJ:www.eurasianet.org/turkmenistan.project/files2/050603Turkmenreport.pdf+%22Niyazov%22+%22dictatorship%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:Ie2QfLuR_ysJ:www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/tamerlane/Tamerlane-Chapter2.pdf+%22Niyazov%22+%22dictatorship%22]).</small> | | | align=center|[[Saparmurat Niyazov]] || align=center|[[Turkmenistan]] || align=center|1991–2006 || <small>Declared [[President for Life]] in 1999; [[cult of personality]]; his book ''[[Ruhnama]]'' is to be treated with reverence (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:blnbM3mP0eAJ:www.eurasianet.org/turkmenistan.project/files2/050603Turkmenreport.pdf+%22Niyazov%22+%22dictatorship%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:Ie2QfLuR_ysJ:www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/tamerlane/Tamerlane-Chapter2.pdf+%22Niyazov%22+%22dictatorship%22]).</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Muhammed Omar]] || align=center|[[Afghanistan]] || align=center|1996–2001 || <small>Considered a Theocratic Dictator who excercized strict sharia laws; allowed the persecution of Hazaras; gave Al Qaeda refuge in Afghanistan. (see [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0881088.html][http://www.afghan-web.com/bios/today/momar.html]).</small> | + | | align=center|[[Muhammed Omar]] || align=center|[[Afghanistan]] || align=center|1996–2001 || <small>Considered a Theocratic Dictator who excercized strict sharia laws; allowed the persecution of Hazaras; gave Al Qaeda refuge in Afghanistan. (see[http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0881088.html][http://www.afghan-web.com/bios/today/momar.html]).</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Ilham Aliyev]] || align=center|[[Azerbaijan]] || align=center|'''2003–present''' ||<small> Dubious election; opposition suppressed (see [http://www.underreported.com/print.php?sid=1241]).</small> | + | | align=center|[[Ilham Aliyev]] || align=center|[[Azerbaijan]] || align=center|'''2003–present''' ||<small> Dubious election; opposition suppressed (see[http://www.underreported.com/print.php?sid=1241]).</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center| [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow]] || align=center|[[Turkmenistan]] || align=center|'''2006–present''' ||<small>Unelected, appointed as successor upon Niyazov's death. Turkemnistan still continues to be oppresive and a single-party state.</small> | + | | align=center| [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow]] || align=center|[[Turkmenistan]] || align=center|'''2006-present''' ||<small>Unelected, appointed as successor upon Niyazov's death. Turkemnistan still continues to be oppresive and a single-party state.</small> |
| | |} | | |} |
| | | | |
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| | ! Name !! Country !! Years<br>in power !! Notes | | ! Name !! Country !! Years<br>in power !! Notes |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Ayub Khan]] || align=center|[[Pakistan]] || align=center|1958–1969 || <small>Gained power in a coup. Subsequent elections considered dubious (see [http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A069], [http://www.indianexpress.com/messages.php?content_id=71414]).</small> | + | | align=center|[[Ayub Khan]] || align=center|[[Pakistan]] || align=center|1958–1969 || <small>Gained power in a coup. Subsequent elections considered dubious (see[http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A069], [http://www.indianexpress.com/messages.php?content_id=71414]).</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | align=center|[[Yahya Khan]] || align=center|[[Pakistan]] || align=center|1969–1971 ||<small> Military ruler, gaining power from coup (see [http://presidentyahya.com],[http://www.pbs.org/now/politics/pakistantimeline.html], [http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/kpsgill/terrorism/04Jan10Pio.htm]).</small> | | | align=center|[[Yahya Khan]] || align=center|[[Pakistan]] || align=center|1969–1971 ||<small> Military ruler, gaining power from coup (see [http://presidentyahya.com],[http://www.pbs.org/now/politics/pakistantimeline.html], [http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/kpsgill/terrorism/04Jan10Pio.htm]).</small> |
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| | |align=center|[[Hossain Mohammad Ershad]] || align=center|[[Bangladesh]] || align=center|1982–1990 ||<small>Gained power in a coup; declared martial law; never elected.</small> | | |align=center|[[Hossain Mohammad Ershad]] || align=center|[[Bangladesh]] || align=center|1982–1990 ||<small>Gained power in a coup; declared martial law; never elected.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |align=center| [[Pervez Musharraf]] || align=center| [[Pakistan]] || align=center| 1999–2008 || <small>Deposed Nawaz Sharif in a military coup, calling it a necessity during a state of emergency. Governed directly as commander in chief until Parliament reconvened in November 2002. Assumed the title of President upon Rafiq Tarar's resignation and stood in a referendum in 2002. Opposition parties state that the rule of law in his custody has deteriorated further.</small> | + | |align=center| [[Pervez Musharraf]] || align=center| [[Pakistan]] || align=center| 1999-2008 || <small>Deposed Nawaz Sharif in a military coup, calling it a necessity during a state of emergency. Governed directly as commander in chief until Parliament reconvened in November 2002. Assumed the title of President upon Rafiq Tarar's resignation and stood in a referendum in 2002. Opposition parties state that the rule of law in his custody has deteriorated further.</small> |
| | |} | | |} |
| | | | |
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| | ! Name !! Country !! Years <br> in power !! Notes | | ! Name !! Country !! Years <br> in power !! Notes |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |align=center|[[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] || align=center|[[Japan]] || align=center|1600–1616|| <small> Shogun of [[Japan]] and founder of the long reigning [[Tokugawa shogunate]]. Gained power by unifying the warring clans during [[Japan]]'s long period of civil unrest. He also created an "alternate attendance" system to pacify the [[daimyo]] warlords, as well as closing and isolating trade and the economy, in order to retain his power. His rule was also marked by persecution of european missionaries and japanese christians. | + | |align=center|[[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] || align=center|[[Japan]] || align=center|1600-1616|| <small> Shogun of [[Japan]] and founder of the long reigning [[Tokugawa shogunate]]. Gained power by unifying the warring clans during [[Japan]]'s long period of civil unrest. He also created an "alternate attendance" system to pacify the [[daimyo]] warlords, as well as closing and isolating trade and the economy, in order to retain his power. His rule was also marked by persecution of european missionaries and japanese christians. |
| | |- | | |- |
| | |align=center|[[Yuan Shikai]] || align=center|[[Republic of China]] || align=center|1912–1916 || <small>[[President of the Republic of China]] 1912 - 1915, self-proclaimed [[Emperor of China]], 1916. Ignored legislative consent as defined by the [[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitution]]; dissolved the [[National Assembly of the Republic of China|National Assembly]]; assassinated [[Song Jiaoren]]; disbanded the [[Kuomintang]].</small> | | |align=center|[[Yuan Shikai]] || align=center|[[Republic of China]] || align=center|1912–1916 || <small>[[President of the Republic of China]] 1912 - 1915, self-proclaimed [[Emperor of China]], 1916. Ignored legislative consent as defined by the [[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitution]]; dissolved the [[National Assembly of the Republic of China|National Assembly]]; assassinated [[Song Jiaoren]]; disbanded the [[Kuomintang]].</small> |
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| | </small> | | </small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |align=center|[[Chiang Kai-Shek]] ||align=center| [[Republic of China]] ||align=center| 1927–1975 || <small>Known as the "Generalissimo". Gained power by military force. Leader of anti-communist one-party state under the Kuomintang. Rule on mainland China repeatedly undermined by powerful regional factions, civil wars, and the war against Japan. Ruled with an iron-fist following his retreat to Taiwan in 1949.</small> | + | |align=center|[[Chiang Kai-Shek]] ||align=center| [[Republic of China]] ||align=center| 1927-1975 || <small>Known as the "Generalissimo". Gained power by military force. Leader of anti-communist one-party state under the Kuomintang. Rule on mainland China repeatedly undermined by powerful regional factions, civil wars, and the war against Japan. Ruled with an iron-fist following his retreat to Taiwan in 1949.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | align=center|[[Horloogiyn Choybalsan]] || align=center|[[Mongolia]] || align=center|1936–1952 ||<small> Unelected; opponents purged; cult of personality.</small> | | | align=center|[[Horloogiyn Choybalsan]] || align=center|[[Mongolia]] || align=center|1936–1952 ||<small> Unelected; opponents purged; cult of personality.</small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Kim Il-sung]] || align=center|[[North Korea]] || align=center|1948–1994 || <small>Appointed prime minister in 1948; purged rivals in the [[Workers' Party of Korea]] to consolidate power in 1956 (see [http://muse.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/access.cgi?uri=/journals/korean_studies/v026/26.1lankov.pdf]); introduced "[[Juche]]" ideology demanding absolute loyalty to him and the party; created most pervavise cult of personality in recent history. Declared "Eternal President" on his death.</small> | | | align=center|[[Kim Il-sung]] || align=center|[[North Korea]] || align=center|1948–1994 || <small>Appointed prime minister in 1948; purged rivals in the [[Workers' Party of Korea]] to consolidate power in 1956 (see [http://muse.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/access.cgi?uri=/journals/korean_studies/v026/26.1lankov.pdf]); introduced "[[Juche]]" ideology demanding absolute loyalty to him and the party; created most pervavise cult of personality in recent history. Declared "Eternal President" on his death.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |align=center|[[Ho Chi Minh]] ||align=center| [[North Vietnam]] ||align=center| 1945–1969 || <small>Unelected; killed thousands of political rivals in the 1940s; killed tens of thousands more during the land reforms of the 1950s; presided over a one-party state.</small> | + | |align=center|[[Ho Chi Minh]] ||align=center| [[North Vietnam]] ||align=center| 1945-1969 || <small>Unelected; killed thousands of political rivals in the 1940s; killed tens of thousands more during the land reforms of the 1950s; presided over a one-party state.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |align=center| [[Sukarno]] || align=center|[[Indonesia]] || align=center| 1949–1968 ||<small>First President of Indonesia. Consolidated his powers, and got proclaimed President for LIfe. Was overthrown by the then Dictator of Indonesia, Suharto.</small> | + | |align=center| [[Sukarno]] || align=center|[[Indonesia]] || align=center| 1949-1968 ||<small>First President of Indonesia. Consolidated his powers, and got proclaimed President for LIfe. Was overthrown by the then Dictator of Indonesia, Suharto.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |align=center|[[Mao Zedong]] || align=center|[[People's Republic of China]] || align=center|1949–1976 || <small>Chairman of the PRC (1949–1959), Chairman of the [[Communist Party of China]] (1945–1976), Chairman of the [[Central Military Commission]] (1936–1976). Immense cult of personality; purged members of government; silenced opposition. Circumvented Communist Party hierarchy after the 1966 [[Cultural Revolution]]; imprisoned head of state [[Liu Shaoqi]]. Millions of Chinese citizens killed or murdered as a result of his policies and repression.</small> | + | |align=center|[[Mao Zedong]] || align=center|[[People's Republic of China]] || align=center|1949–1976 || <small>Chairman of the PRC (1949 – 1959), Chairman of the [[Communist Party of China]] (1945 – 1976), Chairman of the [[Central Military Commission]] (1936 – 1976). Immense cult of personality; purged members of government; silenced opposition. Circumvented Communist Party hierarchy after the 1966 [[Cultural Revolution]]; imprisoned head of state [[Liu Shaoqi]]. Millions of Chinese citizens killed or murdered as a result of his policies and repression.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ngô Ðình Diệm]] || align=center|[[South Vietnam]] || align=center|1955–1963 || <small>Unelected; autocratic; oppressed Buddhists (see [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055646?tocId=9055646&ref=news0905arc]).</small> | + | | align=center|[[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ngô Ðình Diệm]] || align=center|[[South Vietnam]] || align=center|1955–1963 || <small>Unelected; autocratic; oppressed Buddhists (see[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055646?tocId=9055646&ref=news0905arc]).</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | align=center|[[Park Chung Hee]] || align=center|[[South Korea]] || align=center|1961–1979 || <small>Took power in 1961 coup. Although initially welcomed by much of the population, he suspended the constitution in 1971 and introduced a new constitution that greatly increased his power.</small> | | | align=center|[[Park Chung Hee]] || align=center|[[South Korea]] || align=center|1961–1979 || <small>Took power in 1961 coup. Although initially welcomed by much of the population, he suspended the constitution in 1971 and introduced a new constitution that greatly increased his power.</small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Thanom Kittikachorn]] || align=center|[[Thailand]] || align=center|1963–1973 || <small>Military dictator, known as one of Thailand's so-called "Three Tyrants". Oppressed student-led uprisings in October 1973 and 1976.</small> | | | align=center|[[Thanom Kittikachorn]] || align=center|[[Thailand]] || align=center|1963–1973 || <small>Military dictator, known as one of Thailand's so-called "Three Tyrants". Oppressed student-led uprisings in October 1973 and 1976.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Suharto]] || align=center|[[Indonesia]] || align=center|1967–1998 || <small>His ''[[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]]'' imprisoned Communists and alleged Communists; repressed Chinese inhabitants; made existing parties subordinate. Also a cleptocrat (with personal and family's assets at least worth US$ 15 billion, based on [[Time]] Magazine investigation in 1998). Described as a dictator in many sources (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:Bbh_caM50o4J:www.aut.ac.nz/depts/commstud/journ/docs/reviewscronau.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:128rEIvvRD4J:www.civiced.org/research/pdfs/RisingTide.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:_233mw5azNkJ:cmbc.ucsd.edu/content/1/docs/laurance2004.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22]).</small> | + | | align=center|[[Suharto]] || align=center|[[Indonesia]] || align=center|1967–1998 || <small>His ''[[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]]'' imprisoned Communists and alleged Communists; repressed Chinese inhabitants; made existing parties subordinate. Also a cleptocrat (with personal and family's assets at least worth US$ 15 billion, based on [[Time]] Magazine investigation in 1998). Described as a dictator in many sources (see[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:Bbh_caM50o4J:www.aut.ac.nz/depts/commstud/journ/docs/reviewscronau.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:128rEIvvRD4J:www.civiced.org/research/pdfs/RisingTide.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:_233mw5azNkJ:cmbc.ucsd.edu/content/1/docs/laurance2004.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22]).</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | align=center|[[Lon Nol]] || align=center|[[Cambodia]] || align=center|1972–1975 || <small>Gained power by coup; not elected.</small> | | | align=center|[[Lon Nol]] || align=center|[[Cambodia]] || align=center|1972–1975 || <small>Gained power by coup; not elected.</small> |
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| | | align=center|[[Chun Doo Hwan]] || align=center|[[South Korea]] || align=center|1980–1988 || <small>Gained power in a coup; declared martial law; oversaw [[Gwangju Massacre]].</small> | | | align=center|[[Chun Doo Hwan]] || align=center|[[South Korea]] || align=center|1980–1988 || <small>Gained power in a coup; declared martial law; oversaw [[Gwangju Massacre]].</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |align=center|[[Mahathir bin Mohamad]] ||align=center| [[Malaysia]] ||align=center| 1981–2003 || <small>Authoritarian; suppresed opposition, media.</small> | + | |align=center|[[Mahathir bin Mohamad]] ||align=center| [[Malaysia]] ||align=center| 1981-2003 || <small>Authoritarian; suppresed opposition, media.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Khamtai Siphandon]] || align=center|[[Laos]] || align=center|1992–2006 || <small>Unelected; one-party state (see [http://www.arthuredelstein.org/worlddictators]).</small> | + | | align=center|[[Khamtai Siphandon]] || align=center|[[Laos]] || align=center|1992–2006 || <small>Unelected; one-party state (see[http://www.arthuredelstein.org/worlddictators]).</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | align=center|[[Than Shwe]] || align=center|[[Myanmar]] || align=center|'''1992–present''' || <small>Unelected; persecution of minorities (especially [[Karenni]] and [[Rohingya]] groups [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51506.htm]) leading 250,000 to flee, either becoming [[IDP]]s or moving across the border to Thailand; consolidated power into himself from the [[SPDC]] - he moved to a new capital in Kyat Pyay in 2006 , &renamed it as Nay Pyi Daw ,i.e the Royal Palace City"; gained power via a military [[coup]] and announced that he would not hand over the power to [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]'s Elected Party (the [[NLD]]); no free press (see [http://www.bbc.co.uk/burmese/forum/story/2004/10/041020_khin_nyunt_ousted.shtml]).</small> | | | align=center|[[Than Shwe]] || align=center|[[Myanmar]] || align=center|'''1992–present''' || <small>Unelected; persecution of minorities (especially [[Karenni]] and [[Rohingya]] groups [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51506.htm]) leading 250,000 to flee, either becoming [[IDP]]s or moving across the border to Thailand; consolidated power into himself from the [[SPDC]] - he moved to a new capital in Kyat Pyay in 2006 , &renamed it as Nay Pyi Daw ,i.e the Royal Palace City"; gained power via a military [[coup]] and announced that he would not hand over the power to [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]'s Elected Party (the [[NLD]]); no free press (see [http://www.bbc.co.uk/burmese/forum/story/2004/10/041020_khin_nyunt_ousted.shtml]).</small> |
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| | ! Name !! Country !! Years<br>in power !! Notes | | ! Name !! Country !! Years<br>in power !! Notes |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center| [[Oliver Cromwell]] || align=center| [[Commonwealth of England]] || align=center| 1653–1658 || <small>A [[Puritan]] general in the [[English Civil War]] who quickly rose through the ranks to become ''de facto'' head of the Parliamentary forces. After the Royalist defeat and the execution of [[Charles I]] the newly constituted [[Rump Parliament]] was overthrown by Cromwell who refused the Crown, choosing instead the title of Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. After his death the monarchy was reinstated. [http://www.olivercromwell.org/].</small> | + | | align=center| [[Oliver Cromwell]] || align=center| [[Commonwealth of England]] || align=center| 1653-1658 || <small>A [[Puritan]] general in the [[English Civil War]] who quickly rose through the ranks to become ''de facto'' head of the Parliamentary forces. After the Royalist defeat and the execution of [[Charles I]] the newly constituted [[Rump Parliament]] was overthrown by Cromwell who refused the Crown, choosing instead the title of Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. After his death the monarchy was reinstated. [http://www.olivercromwell.org/].</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | align=center| [[Maximilien Robespierre]] || align=center| [[France]] || align=center| 1793–1794 || <small>Head of the Committee of Public Safety during the French Revolution. To purge french society of "Counter Revolutionaries", he instituted the heavily repressive Reign of Terror, a period which killed thousands of french citizens, many of those killed were simply killed under mere suspicion, with little or no proof. Desposed when the National Convention declared him an outlaw.</small> | | | align=center| [[Maximilien Robespierre]] || align=center| [[France]] || align=center| 1793–1794 || <small>Head of the Committee of Public Safety during the French Revolution. To purge french society of "Counter Revolutionaries", he instituted the heavily repressive Reign of Terror, a period which killed thousands of french citizens, many of those killed were simply killed under mere suspicion, with little or no proof. Desposed when the National Convention declared him an outlaw.</small> |
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| | | align=center| [[Romuald Traugutt]] || align=center| [[Poland]] || align=center| 1863–1864 || <small>Held official title of dictator for one year. Succeeded [[Marian Langiewicz]] who had declared himself dictator previously, but only lasted less than a year in 1863. </small> | | | align=center| [[Romuald Traugutt]] || align=center| [[Poland]] || align=center| 1863–1864 || <small>Held official title of dictator for one year. Succeeded [[Marian Langiewicz]] who had declared himself dictator previously, but only lasted less than a year in 1863. </small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |align=center|[[Nicholas II]] ||align=center| [[Russia]] ||align=center| 1894–1917 || <small>Ruthless, overthrown by the "October Revolution" and the newly established communist government. The last Tsar of Russia.</small> | + | |align=center|[[Nicholas II]] ||align=center| [[Russia]] ||align=center| 1894-1917 || <small>Ruthless, overthrown by the "October Revolution" and the newly established communist government. The last Tsar of Russia.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center| [[Vladimir Lenin]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center| 1917–1924 || <small>Head of Bolshevik Revolution took power in 1917. Secured victory in the Russian civil war. Headed effort to transform the Russian economy to a socialist model.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/lenin_vladimir.shtml] </small> | + | | align=center| [[Vladimir Lenin]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center| 1917-1924 || <small>Head of Bolshevik Revolution took power in 1917. Secured victory in the Russian civil war. Headed effort to transform the Russian economy to a socialist model.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/lenin_vladimir.shtml] </small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] || align=center|[[Turkey]] || align=center|1918–1938 || <small>Led the Turkish national movement. Transformed Turkey into a secular republic through broad authoritarian reforms.</small> | + | | align=center|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] || align=center|[[Turkey]] || align=center|1918-1938 || <small>Led the Turkish national movement. Transformed Turkey into a secular republic through broad authoritarian reforms.</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | align=center| [[Benito Mussolini]] || align=center| [[Italy]] || align=center| 1922–1943, and in part of the country 1943-1945 ||<small> Prime Minister of Italy 1922-1943; head of the so-called [[Italian Social Republic]] until 1945. "He introduced strict censorship and altered the methods of election so that in 1925–1926 he was able to assume dictatorial powers and dissolve all other political parties" (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:0PFM13qC39YJ:www.ablongman.com/history_rh_bridge/assets/0321025865_ch15.pdf+%22Italian+dictator+Benito+Mussolini%22],[http://doi.contentdirections.com/mr/greenwood.jsp?doi=10.1336/0275979377]).</small> | | | align=center| [[Benito Mussolini]] || align=center| [[Italy]] || align=center| 1922–1943, and in part of the country 1943-1945 ||<small> Prime Minister of Italy 1922-1943; head of the so-called [[Italian Social Republic]] until 1945. "He introduced strict censorship and altered the methods of election so that in 1925–1926 he was able to assume dictatorial powers and dissolve all other political parties" (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:0PFM13qC39YJ:www.ablongman.com/history_rh_bridge/assets/0321025865_ch15.pdf+%22Italian+dictator+Benito+Mussolini%22],[http://doi.contentdirections.com/mr/greenwood.jsp?doi=10.1336/0275979377]).</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center| [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]] || align=center| [[Spain]] || align=center| 1923–1930 ||<small> Prime Minister of Spain. Gained power in a coup; suspended the constitution; established martial law; imposed strict censorship; banned all political parties. Widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061388], [http://www.bartleby.com/65/pr/PrimRivM.html], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565186/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera.html]). </small> | + | | align=center| [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]] || align=center| [[Spain]] || align=center| 1923–1930 ||<small> Prime Minister of Spain. Gained power in a coup; suspended the constitution; established martial law; imposed strict censorship; banned all political parties. Widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061388], [http://www.bartleby.com/65/pr/PrimRivM.html], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565186/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera.html]). </small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center| [[Aleksandar Tsankov]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center| 1923–1926 || <small>Established Right wing nationalist, anti communist coup against [[Stamboliyski]]’s democratic elected [[Agrarians]]. Forced out of power by Tsar [[Boris III]]. [http://www.bartleby.com/65/ts/TsankovA.html]. </small> | + | | align=center| [[Aleksandar Tsankov]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center| 1923-1926 || <small>Established Right wing nationalist, anti communist coup against [[Stamboliyski]]’s democratic elected [[Agrarians]]. Forced out of power by Tsar [[Boris III]]. [http://www.bartleby.com/65/ts/TsankovA.html]. </small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | align=center| [[Joseph Stalin]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center| 1924–1953 || <small>General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1922 - 1953; Premier of the Soviet Union 1941 - 1953. Never elected; cult of personality; heavily repressive; responsible for deaths of millions of Soviet citizens (see [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108469], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761559200/Stalin_Joseph.html],[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/prof_josephstalin.html]).</small> | | | align=center| [[Joseph Stalin]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center| 1924–1953 || <small>General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1922 - 1953; Premier of the Soviet Union 1941 - 1953. Never elected; cult of personality; heavily repressive; responsible for deaths of millions of Soviet citizens (see [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108469], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761559200/Stalin_Joseph.html],[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/prof_josephstalin.html]).</small> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | align=center| [[Ahmet Bej Zogu]] || align=center| [[Albania]] || align=center| 1925–1939 || <small>Originally elected Prime Minister of Albania 1922-1924 and 1925; President of Albania 1925-1928; crowned himself King of the Albanians (as Zog I) 1928-1939. Described as a dictator (see [http://www.albanian.com/information/history/independ.html], [http://www.diplom.org/manus/talossa/?lingo=&page=Statute&act=25RZ13], [http://www.electionworld.org/history/albania.htm]). Forced to flee with his wife, Queen Geraldine, the imminent takeover of the country by Italy under [[Benito Mussolini]].</small> | + | | align=center| [[Ahmet Bej Zogu]] || align=center| [[Albania]] || align=center| 1925–1939 || <small>Originally elected Prime Minister of Albania 1922-1924 and 1925; President of Albania 1925-1928; crowned himself King of the Albanians (as Zog I) 1928-1939. Described as a dictator (see[http://www.albanian.com/information/history/independ.html], [http://www.diplom.org/manus/talossa/?lingo=&page=Statute&act=25RZ13], [http://www.electionworld.org/history/albania.htm]). Forced to flee with his wife, Queen Geraldine, the imminent takeover of the country by Italy under [[Benito Mussolini]].</small> |
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| | | align=center| [[José Mendes Cabeçadas]] || align=center| [[Portugal]] || align=center| 1926 || <small>Leader of [[Ditadura Nacional]] during the first part of June immediately after the [[28th May 1926 coup d'état]]</small> | | | align=center| [[José Mendes Cabeçadas]] || align=center| [[Portugal]] || align=center| 1926 || <small>Leader of [[Ditadura Nacional]] during the first part of June immediately after the [[28th May 1926 coup d'état]]</small> |
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| | | align=center| [[Józef Piłsudski]]|| align=center| [[Poland]] || align=center| 1926–1935 ||<small> Polish Head of State 1918-1922, but regained power in 1926 via coup. Prime Minister of Poland 1926-1928 and 1930; Commander in Chief of the Army 1926-1935. Initiated authoritarian [[Sanacja]] government; often described as a "benevolent dictator".</small> | | | align=center| [[Józef Piłsudski]]|| align=center| [[Poland]] || align=center| 1926–1935 ||<small> Polish Head of State 1918-1922, but regained power in 1926 via coup. Prime Minister of Poland 1926-1928 and 1930; Commander in Chief of the Army 1926-1935. Initiated authoritarian [[Sanacja]] government; often described as a "benevolent dictator".</small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Antanas Smetona]] || align=center| [[Lithuania]] || align=center| 1926–1940 || <small>President of Lithuania. Seized power in a 1925 military coup (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:wEZn53dBGtoJ:www.gla.ac.uk/departments/dcees/Duvold.pdf+Antanas+Smetona+%22dictatorship%22]); authoritarian rule. His description as a dictator is common (see [http://www.encyclopedia.com/searchpool.asp?target=@DOCKEYWORDS%20balthistbio&unkey=balthistbio&clientIp=216%2E63%2E197%2E211&userAgent=Mozilla%2F4%2E0+%28compatible%3B+MSIE+6%2E0%3B+Windows+NT+5%2E1%3B+SV1%3B+%2ENET+CLR+1%2E1%2E4322%29]), but not universal.</small> | + | | align=center| [[Antanas Smetona]] || align=center| [[Lithuania]] || align=center| 1926–1940 || <small>President of Lithuania. Seized power in a 1925 military coup (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:wEZn53dBGtoJ:www.gla.ac.uk/departments/dcees/Duvold.pdf+Antanas+Smetona+%22dictatorship%22]); authoritarian rule. His description as a dictator is common (see[http://www.encyclopedia.com/searchpool.asp?target=@DOCKEYWORDS%20balthistbio&unkey=balthistbio&clientIp=216%2E63%2E197%2E211&userAgent=Mozilla%2F4%2E0+%28compatible%3B+MSIE+6%2E0%3B+Windows+NT+5%2E1%3B+SV1%3B+%2ENET+CLR+1%2E1%2E4322%29]), but not universal.</small> |
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| | | align=center| [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] || align=center| [[Portugal]] || align=center| 1928–1968 || <small>Prime Minister of Portugal. Established an anti-democratic, anti-parliamentarian, ultra-[[Clericalism|clericalist]], [[Corporativism|corporativist]], extremely conservative, repressive and authoritarian dictatorship, connoted with the Italian fascism, highly supported by the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. Longest right-wing dictatorship ever (four complete decades).</small> | | | align=center| [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] || align=center| [[Portugal]] || align=center| 1928–1968 || <small>Prime Minister of Portugal. Established an anti-democratic, anti-parliamentarian, ultra-[[Clericalism|clericalist]], [[Corporativism|corporativist]], extremely conservative, repressive and authoritarian dictatorship, connoted with the Italian fascism, highly supported by the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. Longest right-wing dictatorship ever (four complete decades).</small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander I]] || align=center| [[Yugoslavia]] || align=center| 1929–1934 || <small>King of Yugoslavia from 1921. On January 6, 1929 he abolished the constitution, prorogued parliament and established the so-called "January 6 Dictatorship." A new constitution in 1931 left all significant political power in the hands of the King. | + | | align=center| [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander I]] || align=center| [[Yugoslavia]] || align=center| 1929-1934 || <small>King of Yugoslavia from 1921. On January 6, 1929 he abolished the constitution, prorogued parliament and established the so-called "January 6 Dictatorship." A new constitution in 1931 left all significant political power in the hands of the King. |
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| | | align=center| [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] || align=center| [[Austria]] || align=center| 1933–1934 || <small>Chancellor of Austria 1932-1934. Suspended parliament indefinitely in March 1933, governing thereafter by decree. Rule sometimes compared to Mussolini or Franco (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:PUVNNLui6y4J:www3.la.psu.edu/hrsweb/majmin/Theses/Houlihan/Thesis.pdf+%22dictator%22+%22Dollfuss%22]).</small> | | | align=center| [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] || align=center| [[Austria]] || align=center| 1933–1934 || <small>Chancellor of Austria 1932-1934. Suspended parliament indefinitely in March 1933, governing thereafter by decree. Rule sometimes compared to Mussolini or Franco (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:PUVNNLui6y4J:www3.la.psu.edu/hrsweb/majmin/Theses/Houlihan/Thesis.pdf+%22dictator%22+%22Dollfuss%22]).</small> |
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| | | align=center| [[Kimon Georgiev]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center| 1934 || <small>Took power in coup. Overthrown by Tsar Boris III. </small> | | | align=center| [[Kimon Georgiev]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center| 1934 || <small>Took power in coup. Overthrown by Tsar Boris III. </small> |
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| − | | align=center| Tsar [[Boris III]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center| 1934–1943 || <small> Overthrew Kimon Geogiev. Took power him self ruled through puppet Prime Ministers Georgi Kyoseivanov. His Regime banned all opposition parties. Took Bulgaria into alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. </small> | + | | align=center| Tsar [[Boris III]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center| 1934-1943 || <small> Overthrew Kimon Geogiev. Took power him self ruled through puppet Prime Ministers Georgi Kyoseivanov. His Regime banned all opposition parties. Took Bulgaria into alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. </small> |
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| | | align=center| [[Kurt Schuschnigg]] || align=center| [[Austria]] || align=center| 1934–1938 || <small>Chancellor of Austria. Maintained his predecessor Dollfuss' oppressive rule.</small> | | | align=center| [[Kurt Schuschnigg]] || align=center| [[Austria]] || align=center| 1934–1938 || <small>Chancellor of Austria. Maintained his predecessor Dollfuss' oppressive rule.</small> |
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| | | align=center| [[Karlis Ulmanis|Kārlis Ulmanis]] || align=center| [[Latvia]] || align=center| 1934–1940 || <small>Prime Minister of Latvia 1934-1940; President of Latvia 1936 - 1940. Gained power in a coup and dissolved parliament; generally viewed as a "benevolent dictator" (see [http://www.ltn.lv/~krz/latvia/lat_history.html], [http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/karlis_ulmanis], [http://www.bartleby.com/65/la/Latvia.html]).</small> | | | align=center| [[Karlis Ulmanis|Kārlis Ulmanis]] || align=center| [[Latvia]] || align=center| 1934–1940 || <small>Prime Minister of Latvia 1934-1940; President of Latvia 1936 - 1940. Gained power in a coup and dissolved parliament; generally viewed as a "benevolent dictator" (see [http://www.ltn.lv/~krz/latvia/lat_history.html], [http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/karlis_ulmanis], [http://www.bartleby.com/65/la/Latvia.html]).</small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Ioannis Metaxas]] || align=center| [[Greece]] || align=center| 1936–1941 ||<small> Prime Minister of Greece. Never elected; banned political parties; arrested opponents; criminalized unions; censored media. Widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.bartleby.com/65/pa/PapandrG.html], [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052304], [http://www.ahistoryofgreece.com/biography/metaxas.htm]). </small> | + | | align=center| [[Ioannis Metaxas]] || align=center| [[Greece]] || align=center| 1936–1941 ||<small> Prime Minister of Greece. Never elected; banned political parties; arrested opponents; criminalized unions; censored media. Widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.bartleby.com/65/pa/PapandrG.html], [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052304], [http://www.ahistoryofgreece.com/biography/metaxas.htm]). </small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Francisco Franco]] || align=center| [[Spain]] || align=center| 1936–1975 || <small>Prime Minister of Spain 1938-1975 and Head of State 1939 - 1975 (in the Nationalist Zone, both only to 1939). Purged opposition; often referred to as a dictator or ''caudillo'' (see [http://www.policyreview.org/jun03/diamond.html], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:B1Mmefo38twJ:www.personal.psu.edu/mlb300/spainsocprob.pdf+%22dictator+Francisco+Franco%22],[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:NsfbKjiVUowJ:www.acad.carleton.edu/curricular/POSC/faculty/montero/Spain%2520Paper%25201.pdf+%22dictator+Francisco+Franco%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:9ZzXaMENcm8J:www.artcult.org/cst/spain_prepack_participants.pdf+%22Francisco+Franco%22+%22dictatorship%22]). Strongly supported by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] worldwide.</small> | + | | align=center| [[Francisco Franco]] || align=center| [[Spain]] || align=center| 1936–1975 || <small>Prime Minister of Spain 1938-1975 and Head of State 1939 - 1975 (in the Nationalist Zone, both only to 1939). Purged opposition; often referred to as a dictator or ''caudillo'' (see[http://www.policyreview.org/jun03/diamond.html], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:B1Mmefo38twJ:www.personal.psu.edu/mlb300/spainsocprob.pdf+%22dictator+Francisco+Franco%22],[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:NsfbKjiVUowJ:www.acad.carleton.edu/curricular/POSC/faculty/montero/Spain%2520Paper%25201.pdf+%22dictator+Francisco+Franco%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:9ZzXaMENcm8J:www.artcult.org/cst/spain_prepack_participants.pdf+%22Francisco+Franco%22+%22dictatorship%22]). Strongly supported by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] worldwide.</small> |
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| | | align=center| [[Ante Pavelic|Ante Pavelić]] || align=center| [[Croatia]] || align=center| 1941–1945 ||<small>''Poglavnik'' ("Leader") of Croatia. Not elected; ordered massacres of Serbs, Jews, Gypsies and dissidents; hundreds of thousands slaughtered; led the genocial, devoutly Roman Catholic Ustase (see [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/tyrants.htm], [http://www.cuttingedge.org/articles/RC130.html], [http://emperors-clothes.com/vatican/cpix.htm]). Supported by most, if not all, of the Roman Catholic church in Croatia.</small> | | | align=center| [[Ante Pavelic|Ante Pavelić]] || align=center| [[Croatia]] || align=center| 1941–1945 ||<small>''Poglavnik'' ("Leader") of Croatia. Not elected; ordered massacres of Serbs, Jews, Gypsies and dissidents; hundreds of thousands slaughtered; led the genocial, devoutly Roman Catholic Ustase (see [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/tyrants.htm], [http://www.cuttingedge.org/articles/RC130.html], [http://emperors-clothes.com/vatican/cpix.htm]). Supported by most, if not all, of the Roman Catholic church in Croatia.</small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Vidkun Quisling]] || align=center| [[Norway]]|| align=center| 1942–1945 || <small>Minister President of Norway between 1942–1945, and founder of the fascist "National Unity" party . Traitor to his country. Executed by firing squad. Described as being the Hitler of Norway.</small> | + | | align=center| [[Vidkun Quisling]] || align=center| [[Norway]]|| align=center| 1942–1945 || <small>Minister President of Norway between 1942-1945, and founder of the fascist "National Unity" party . Traitor to his country. Executed by firing squad. Described as being the Hitler of Norway.</small> |
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| | | align=center| [[Ferenc Szálasi]]<br>(Szálasi Ferenc) || align=center| [[Hungary]] || align=center| 1944–1945 || <small>Leader of the [[fascist]] [[Arrow Cross]] party, Szálasi was installed as a fascist ruler by the [[Nazis]] following their overthrow of [[regent]] [[Miklós Horthy]].</small> | | | align=center| [[Ferenc Szálasi]]<br>(Szálasi Ferenc) || align=center| [[Hungary]] || align=center| 1944–1945 || <small>Leader of the [[fascist]] [[Arrow Cross]] party, Szálasi was installed as a fascist ruler by the [[Nazis]] following their overthrow of [[regent]] [[Miklós Horthy]].</small> |
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| | | align=center| [[Josip Broz Tito]] || align=center| [[Yugoslavia]] || align=center| 1944–1980 || <small>Secretary-General of the Yugoslav Communist Party 1937 - 1963; Prime Minister of Yugoslavia 1945–1953; Premier of Yugoslavia 1953 - 1963; President of Yugoslavia 1953 - 1980; President of the ''Presidium of the League of Communists'' from 1963 until 1980. Declared himself [[President for Life]] in 1963. Viewed favorably in Yugoslavia despite authoritarian rule.</small> | | | align=center| [[Josip Broz Tito]] || align=center| [[Yugoslavia]] || align=center| 1944–1980 || <small>Secretary-General of the Yugoslav Communist Party 1937 - 1963; Prime Minister of Yugoslavia 1945–1953; Premier of Yugoslavia 1953 - 1963; President of Yugoslavia 1953 - 1980; President of the ''Presidium of the League of Communists'' from 1963 until 1980. Declared himself [[President for Life]] in 1963. Viewed favorably in Yugoslavia despite authoritarian rule.</small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Enver Hoxha]] || align=center| [[Albania]] || align=center| 1944–1985||<small> General Secretary of the Albanian Party of Labour. Leader of single-party Communist state; extensive personality cult; Declared his nation to be the world's only officially atheist state and banned all practice of religion in 1967.</small> | + | | align=center| [[Enver Hoxha]] || align=center| [[Albania]] || align=center| 1944-1985||<small> General Secretary of the Albanian Party of Labour. Leader of single-party Communist state; extensive personality cult; Declared his nation to be the world's only officially atheist state and banned all practice of religion in 1967.</small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Mátyás Rákosi]] || align=center| [[Hungary]] || align=center| 1949–1953||<small> General Secretary of the [[Hungarian Workers Party]] and Prime Minister of the [[Hungarian People's Republic]]. Leader of single-party Communist state; nicknamed "Stalin's best Hungarian disciple"; Invented the phrase "[[salami tactics]]" to describe piecemeal assumption of power.</small> | + | | align=center| [[Mátyás Rákosi]] || align=center| [[Hungary]] || align=center| 1949-1953||<small> General Secretary of the [[Hungarian Workers Party]] and Prime Minister of the [[Hungarian People's Republic]]. Leader of single-party Communist state; nicknamed "Stalin's best Hungarian disciple"; Invented the phrase "[[salami tactics]]" to describe piecemeal assumption of power.</small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Nikita Khrushchev]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center| 1953–1964 || <small> First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1953-1964. Allowed limited liberalisation in the arts and media later on. </small> | + | | align=center| [[Nikita Khrushchev]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center| 1953-1964 || <small> First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1953-1964. Allowed limited liberalisation in the arts and media later on. </small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Todor Zhivkov]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center| 1956–1989 || <small>Head of pro soviet communist regimen in Bulgaria. Became party secretary in 1956 and prime minister in 1962. Forced out of power in 1989 by communist party to comply with demands of protesters.</small> | + | | align=center| [[Todor Zhivkov]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center| 1956-1989 || <small>Head of pro soviet communist regimen in Bulgaria. Became party secretary in 1956 and prime minister in 1962. Forced out of power in 1989 by communist party to comply with demands of protesters.</small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Antonín Novotný]] || align=center| [[Czechoslovakia]] || align=center| 1957–1968 || <small>Antonín Novotný, the First Secretary of the Communist Party and President of the Republic, was leader of Czechoslovakia during the Stalinisation of the country, resulting in the replacement of the Czechoslovakian democracy by a one-party communist state. His dictatorship centralized power and used force to protect his regime which lasted fifteen years.</small> | + | | align=center| [[Antonín Novotný]] || align=center| [[Czechoslovakia]] || align=center| 1957-1968 || <small>Antonín Novotný, the First Secretary of the Communist Party and President of the Republic, was leader of Czechoslovakia during the Stalinisation of the country, resulting in the replacement of the Czechoslovakian democracy by a one-party communist state. His dictatorship centralized power and used force to protect his regime which lasted fifteen years.</small> |
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| | | align=center| [[Walter Ulbricht]] || align=center| [[German Democratic Republic]] || align=center| 1950/1960-1971 || <small>General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany 1950-1971 and Head of State 1960-1973.</small> | | | align=center| [[Walter Ulbricht]] || align=center| [[German Democratic Republic]] || align=center| 1950/1960-1971 || <small>General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany 1950-1971 and Head of State 1960-1973.</small> |
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| | | align=center| [[Leonid Brezhnev]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center| 1964–1982 || <small>First/General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1964-1982. Formed a [[cult of Personality]] later on.</small> | | | align=center| [[Leonid Brezhnev]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center| 1964–1982 || <small>First/General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1964-1982. Formed a [[cult of Personality]] later on.</small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]] || align=center| [[Romania]] || align=center| 1965–1989 ||<small> General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party, 1965–1989; President of Romania, 1974-1989. Leader of single-party Communist state; extensive personality cult developed during the 1970s. Lived lavish lifestyle while country was still using donkey carts.</small> | + | | align=center| [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]] || align=center| [[Romania]] || align=center| 1965–1989 ||<small> General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party, 1965-1989; President of Romania, 1974-1989. Leader of single-party Communist state; extensive personality cult developed during the 1970s. Lived lavish lifestyle while country was still using donkey carts.</small> |
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| | | align=center| [[George Papadopoulos]] || align=center| [[Greece]] || align=center| 1967–1973 || <small>Prime Minister of Greece 1967 - 1973; Regent 1972 - 1973; President of Greece 1973. Gained power in a coup; lead military regime. Widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0778782.html], [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/379334.stm], [http://www.hellas.net]).</small> | | | align=center| [[George Papadopoulos]] || align=center| [[Greece]] || align=center| 1967–1973 || <small>Prime Minister of Greece 1967 - 1973; Regent 1972 - 1973; President of Greece 1973. Gained power in a coup; lead military regime. Widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0778782.html], [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/379334.stm], [http://www.hellas.net]).</small> |
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| | | align=center| [[Marcelo Caetano]] || align=center| [[Portugal]] || align=center| 1968–1974 || <small>Prime Minister of Portugal 1968 - 1974; Upon the death of [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] he continued the dictatorial regime. Some liberties were improved but the situation of the country and the [[Portuguese Colonial War|colonial wars]] lead to the [[Carnation Revolution]].</small> | | | align=center| [[Marcelo Caetano]] || align=center| [[Portugal]] || align=center| 1968–1974 || <small>Prime Minister of Portugal 1968 - 1974; Upon the death of [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] he continued the dictatorial regime. Some liberties were improved but the situation of the country and the [[Portuguese Colonial War|colonial wars]] lead to the [[Carnation Revolution]].</small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Gustáv Husák]] || align=center| [[Czechoslovakia]] || align=center| 1969–1987 || <small>Came into power through soviets, Crushed the Prague spring. Headed brutal secret police stepped down from power in 1987 two years before communism fell. </small> | + | | align=center| [[Gustáv Husák]] || align=center| [[Czechoslovakia]] || align=center| 1969-1987 || <small>Came into power through soviets, Crushed the Prague spring. Headed brutal secret police stepped down from power in 1987 two years before communism fell. </small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Erich Honecker]] || align=center| [[German Democratic Republic]] || align=center| 1971–1989 || <small>General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany 1971-1989 and Head of State 1976-1989.</small> | + | | align=center| [[Erich Honecker]] || align=center| [[German Democratic Republic]] || align=center| 1971-1989 || <small>General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany 1971-1989 and Head of State 1976-1989.</small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Phaedon Gizikis]] || align=center| [[Greece]] || align=center| 1973–1974 || <small>President of Greece 1973-1974. Gained power in coup. Lead millitary regime installed by previous head of state.</small> | + | | align=center| [[Phaedon Gizikis]] || align=center| [[Greece]] || align=center| 1973-1974 || <small>President of Greece 1973-1974. Gained power in coup. Lead millitary regime installed by previous head of state.</small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] || align=center|[[Poland]] || align=center|1961–1990 ||<small> Imposed martial law in Poland in 1981 in response to Solidarity party led strikes. Made himself head of the "Commission for National Salvation." Stated his actions were taken in order to prevent a Soviet invasion of Poland. Was President of Poland until his resignation in 1990. </small> | + | | align=center| [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] || align=center|[[Poland]] || align=center|1961-1990 ||<small> Imposed martial law in Poland in 1981 in response to Solidarity party led strikes. Made himself head of the "Commission for National Salvation." Stated his actions were taken in order to prevent a Soviet invasion of Poland. Was President of Poland until his resignation in 1990. </small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Yuri Andropov]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center| 1982–1984 || <small>General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1982-1984. Early signs of [[Perestroika]] and [[Glasnost]].</small> | + | | align=center| [[Yuri Andropov]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center| 1982-1984 || <small>General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1982-1984. Early signs of [[Perestroika]] and [[Glasnost]].</small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Konstantin Chernenko]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center| 1984–1985 || <small> General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1984-1985. Ailing stop-gap leader. </small> | + | | align=center| [[Konstantin Chernenko]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center| 1984-1985 || <small> General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1984-1985. Ailing stop-gap leader. </small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center| 1985–1991 || <small> General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed and the CPSU was banned. Oversaw democratisation in the Soviet Union, but was never directly elected as leader.</small> | + | | align=center| [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center| 1985-1991 || <small> General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed and the CPSU was banned. Oversaw democratisation in the Soviet Union, but was never directly elected as leader.</small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Slobodan Milošević]] || align=center| [[Serbia]], [[Yugoslavia]] || align=center| 1989–1997, 1997–2000 || <small>In 1984 he became the head of the local Communist party in Belgrade and adopted a populist style, the party's leader. He successfully took over as head of the Serbian Communist party in 1987. He challenged the federal government, championed Serbian control of the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina, and advocated stridently socialist economic policy. By 1988, he had replaced party leaders in Kosovo and Vojvodina, and in 1989 he became president of Serbia. However, in September 1990, a new democratic constitution was passed allowing direct, multi-party presidential and parliamentary elections. Milosevic was elected president of Serbia for the first time in December 1990, although allegations persist of electoral fraud during the Milosevic years.</small> | + | | align=center| [[Slobodan Milošević]] || align=center| [[Serbia]], [[Yugoslavia]] || align=center| 1989-1997, 1997-2000 || <small>In 1984 he became the head of the local Communist party in Belgrade and adopted a populist style, the party's leader. He successfully took over as head of the Serbian Communist party in 1987. He challenged the federal government, championed Serbian control of the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina, and advocated stridently socialist economic policy. By 1988, he had replaced party leaders in Kosovo and Vojvodina, and in 1989 he became president of Serbia. However, in September 1990, a new democratic constitution was passed allowing direct, multi-party presidential and parliamentary elections. Milosevic was elected president of Serbia for the first time in December 1990, although allegations persist of electoral fraud during the Milosevic years.</small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Alexander Lukashenko]] || align=center| [[Belarus]] || align=center| '''1994–present''' || <small> President of Belarus. Said to have an "authoritarian ruling style". Lack of democratic standards. Human rights violations. Referred to as "Europe's last dictatorship."</small> | + | | align=center| [[Alexander Lukashenko]] || align=center| [[Belarus]] || align=center| '''1994-present''' || <small> President of Belarus. Said to have an "authoritarian ruling style". Lack of democratic standards. Human rights violations. Referred to as "Europe's last dictatorship."</small> |
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| | | align=center| [[Sitiveni Rabuka]] || align=center|[[Fiji]] || align=center|1987–1992 ||<small> Twice gained power through coup, allowed elections in 1992, which he won.</small> | | | align=center| [[Sitiveni Rabuka]] || align=center|[[Fiji]] || align=center|1987–1992 ||<small> Twice gained power through coup, allowed elections in 1992, which he won.</small> |
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| − | | align=center| [[Frank Bainimarama]] || align=center|[[Fiji]] || align=center|'''2006–present''' ||<small>Launched a coup d'etat in December 2006 after weeks of threats against the elected government.</small> | + | | align=center| [[Frank Bainimarama]] || align=center|[[Fiji]] || align=center|'''2006-present''' ||<small>Launched a coup d'etat in December 2006 after weeks of threats against the elected government.</small> |
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| | [[Category:Lists|dictators]][[Category:Totalitarianism]] | | [[Category:Lists|dictators]][[Category:Totalitarianism]] |
| − | [[Category:Pages vandalized by Willy on Wheels]]
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