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| | |[[nation-state]] | | |[[nation-state]] |
| − | |a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England in the 1600s and other European nations later. | + | |(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France and Spain, and other European nations such as Germany much later. |
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| | |[[Marie Antoinette]] | | |[[Marie Antoinette]] |
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| | |[[Monarch]] | | |[[Monarch]] |
| − | |A person who reigns over a kingdom or empire. He may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy''). The position is generally inherited (notable exception: the [[Pope]].) | + | |A person who reigns over a kingdom or empire. He may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy''). The position is generally inherited (notable exception: the [[Pope]]) |
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| | + | |absolute monarch |
| | + | |an all-powerful king or queen, such as the French King Louis XIV (in power from 1643-1715), who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”) |
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| | + | |divine right of kings |
| | + | |belief they were given powe by God and responsible to God alone; they enjoyed “sovereign immunity” under the view that “the king can do no wrong,” a legal principle that exists in many areas of American law today |
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| | |[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]] | | |[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]] |
| | |(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottomon army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt. | | |(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottomon army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt. |
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| − | |[[Opium]] | + | |[[opium]] |
| − | |Drug that the British sent in large amounts to China. Was one of the causes of the great Taiping Rebellion. | + | |a harmful, addictive drug that the British sent in large amounts to China, which was a cause of the great Taiping Rebellion. |
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| | |[[Capitalism]] | | |[[Capitalism]] |
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| | |Thirty Years’ War | | |Thirty Years’ War |
| | |(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany brought by Bohemian Protestants resisting against Hapsburg Catholics who were suppressing religious freedom; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and The Holy Roman Empire in the conflict, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won | | |(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany brought by Bohemian Protestants resisting against Hapsburg Catholics who were suppressing religious freedom; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and The Holy Roman Empire in the conflict, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won |
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| | + | |Decline of the Holy Roman Empire |
| | + | |weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart |
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| | |Zulus | | |Zulus |