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=Left-wing anti-Semitism=
=Left-wing anti-Semitism=
Anti-Semitism was more the rule than the exception in mainstream leftism: although many leftists try to deny it, “modern, political anti-Semitism is a creature of the left as well as the right,” admits Fine.<ref>Robert Fine, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10&article_id=33 Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism],” ''Engage'', No. 2 (May 2006). "[A]nti-Semitism that we might call populist or democratic.... is linked equally to the left and right," according to historian George L. Mosse, "to the new nationalism, but also to certain tendencies in socialism." (George L. Mosse, [http://history.wisc.edu/mosse/george_mosse/summaries/jewish_history_lecture7.htm Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7], March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison) "[O]ne of the most frightening aspects of Hitler's book is not that he said what he said at the time, but that much of what he said can be found today in innumerable places.... As long as it does not have Hitler's name attached to it, this deranged discourse will be ignored or allowed to pass. The voices that express these opinions do not belong to a single political or ideological current.... They belong to the right and the left, to the religious and the secular, to the West and the East, to the rabble and the leaders, to terrorists and intellectuals, students and peasants, pacifists and militants, expansionists and anti-globalization activists." Omer Bartov, "[http://www.tnr.com/article/he-meant-what-he-said He Meant What He Said]," ''The New Republic'', February 2, 2004. Twenty-five years ago in the heart of the Cold War debate, anti-Americanism, anti-Israeli sentiment, and anti-Semitism "were fringe phenomena while now they are more fashionable and mainstream.... [T]hese sentiments are no longer the monopoly of any particular part of the political spectrum. They are there on the European Left, Right, and in the center." Jeffrey Gedmin, "[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=633&TTL=Experiencing_European_Anti-Americanism_and_Anti-Israelism Experiencing European Anti-Americanism and Anti-Israelism]," ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'', No. 27 (December 2004), Institute for Global Jewish Affairs</ref> There were “strong anti-Semitic currents on the European left in Marx’s time," he adds; "[T]here is a strong tradition of anti-Semitism on the Left.”<ref>Robert Fine, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10&article_id=33 Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism],” ''Engage'', No. 2 (May 2006). "[T]he left's anti-Semitism—which, of course, it never acknowledges and fervently denies—rather than the right's conventional version of this hatred comprises the key ingredient of anti-Semitism's current European existence." (Andrei S. Markovits, "[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=1754&TTL=%22Twin_Brothers%22:_European_Anti-Semitism_and_Anti-Americanism 'Twin Brothers': European Anti-Semitism and Anti-Americanism]," ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'', No. 6 [January 2006] Institute for Global Jewish Affairs) "[T]he locus of anti-Semitism has moved from the right side of the political spectrum to the left.... These days, the hatemongers targeting Jews’ right to live peacefully spout the mantras of 'social justice' and 'peace studies,' not racial purity." (Jonathan Kay, "[http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/fullcomment/archive/2009/03/02/jonathan-kay-on-the-lesson-from-israel-apartheid-week-anti-semitism-is-now-a-creature-of-the-left.aspx The lesson from Israel Apartheid Week: Anti-Semitism is now a creature of the left]," ''National Post'', March 2, 2009). The resurgence of anti-Semitism in Europe "hails much more from the left than the right. The latter—mainly because of the continued illegitimacy and unacceptability of Nazism and fascism in European public opinion—has had a much more circumspect influence on how Jews and Israel are depicted than the left has had. Because classical anti-Semitism—certainly in its praxis—was mostly associated with the European right, the left enjoyed a certain bonus when it came to discussing all matters relating to Jews and Israel. The left could take liberties with being anti-Israeli and anti-Semitic that the right could never have. This legitimacy bonus enabled the left to employ anti-Israeli discourse that—in the meantime—has become completely common and acceptable parlance in Europe. Because of this general acceptability and overall legitimacy, left-wing anti-Semitism is much more relevant and disturbing than right-wing anti-Semitism." (Andrei S. Markovits, "[http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-markovits-05.htm European Anti-Americanism (and Anti-Semitism): Ever Present Though Always Denied]," ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'', No. 2 [August 2005], Institute for Global Jewish Affairs) Antisemitism may be found within much contemporary "antihegemonic, radical, liberal and socialist" discourse, admits David Hirsh of the University of London, who concedes that "antisemitism is a live and virulent threat...." David Hirsh, Book Review: "[http://engageonline.wordpress.com/2009/05/07/book/ Perry and Schweitzer, ''Antisemitic myths: a historical and contemporary anthology'']," ''[http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/01419870.asp Ethnic and Racial Studies]'', Vol. 32, No. 4 (May 2009), pp. 749-750</ref> In France, writes Göttingen historian Karlheinz Weissmann, many on the left saw the Jews not merely as representing "German–Marxist internationalism," but "as the embodiment of capitalism."<ref>Karlheinz Weissmann, "[http://mises.org/journals/jls/12_2/12_2_3.pdf The Epoch of National Socialism]," ''The Journal of Libertarian Studies,'' Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1996), pp. 257–294, citing Edmund Silberner, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y6EiAAAAMAAJ Sozialisten zur Judenfrage: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialismus vom Anfang des 19.Jahrhunderts bis 1914]'' (Berlin, 1962), pp. 65–82</ref> One "need not venture far into the pre-1930 literature of anti-economics before encountering conspicuous anti-Semitic effusions," observes Coleman. "One may say that, before about 1930, anti-economics and anti-Semitism existed in striking conjunction." He adds that "the conjunction was not accidental... [A]nti-economics and modern anti-Semitism shared some leading ideological contentions."<ref>William Coleman, "[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/history_of_political_economy/v035/35.4coleman.pdf Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics]," ''History of Political Economy'', Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003), pp. 759-777</ref>
From the outset, according to French historian Marc Crapez, European racism and socialism were closely affiliated.<ref>Marc Crapez, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=l-dtAAAAMAAJ L'antisémitisme de gauche au XIXe siècle]'' (Paris: Berg international, 2002) ISBN 2-911289-43-9</ref> In addition, "anti-capitalism and anti-Semitism were deeply intertwined," writes George L. Mosse, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. "[I]n fact, they had been connected since the middle-ages."<ref>George L. Mosse, [http://history.wisc.edu/mosse/george_mosse/summaries/jewish_history_lecture7.htm Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7], March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison</ref> "For centuries, Jewish economic success led anti-Semites to condemn capitalism as a form of Jewish domination and exploitation," writes Columbia University history professor Jerry Z. Muller, "or to attribute Jewish success to unsavory qualities of the Jews themselves.<ref>Jerry Z. Muller, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=nMZ_w0mFGIgC Capitalism and the Jews]'' (Princeton University Press, 2010) ISBN 0691144788, p. 2</ref>
From the outset, according to French historian Marc Crapez, European racism and socialism were closely affiliated.<ref>Marc Crapez, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=l-dtAAAAMAAJ L'antisémitisme de gauche au XIXe siècle]'' (Paris: Berg international, 2002) ISBN 2-911289-43-9</ref> In addition, "anti-capitalism and anti-Semitism were deeply intertwined," writes George L. Mosse, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. "[I]n fact, they had been connected since the middle-ages."<ref>George L. Mosse, [http://history.wisc.edu/mosse/george_mosse/summaries/jewish_history_lecture7.htm Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7], March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison</ref> "For centuries, Jewish economic success led anti-Semites to condemn capitalism as a form of Jewish domination and exploitation," writes Columbia University history professor Jerry Z. Muller, "or to attribute Jewish success to unsavory qualities of the Jews themselves.<ref>Jerry Z. Muller, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=nMZ_w0mFGIgC Capitalism and the Jews]'' (Princeton University Press, 2010) ISBN 0691144788, p. 2</ref>