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“The Marxist, postmodern and post-Zionist pseudo-liberal views on democracy lead back to the totalitarian democracy of the French Enlightenment, in which anti-Semitism formed an essential ingredient,” writes Shlomo Sharan of Tel Aviv University.<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref> At that time, "the Jews symbolised the distressing symptoms of modernity ushered in by capitalism and political liberalism," writes Christian Wiese, professor of Jewish history at the University of Sussex.<ref>Christian Wiese, "Modern Antisemitism and Jewish Responses in Germany and France," in Michael Brenner, Vicki Caron and Uri R. Kaufmann, eds., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=b2DN7yDuCyoC Jewish emancipation reconsidered: the French and German models]'' (Mohr Siebeck, 2003) ISBN 316148018X, p. 136</ref> “[T]he sudden prominence of a few Jews who benefited from economic liberalisation provoked a backlash from the Left.”<ref>David Cesarani, ''[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/ressources/left_jews/Left_Jews_final.pdf The Jews and the Left] (Labour Friends of Israel 2004) ISBN 0 9500536-5-1, p. 3 (PDF p.9)</ref> In France, writes Göttingen historian Karlheinz Weissmann, many on the left saw the Jews "as the embodiment of capitalism."<ref>Karlheinz Weissmann, "[http://mises.org/journals/jls/12_2/12_2_3.pdf The Epoch of National Socialism]," ''The Journal of Libertarian Studies,'' Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1996), pp. 257–294, citing Edmund Silberner, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y6EiAAAAMAAJ Sozialisten zur Judenfrage: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialismus vom Anfang des 19.Jahrhunderts bis 1914]'' (Berlin, 1962), pp. 65–82</ref> Voltaire denounced the Jews as "the greatest scoundrels who have ever sullied the face of the globe".<ref>Arthur Hertzberg and Aron Hirt-Manheimer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=hiWBs5HM_E0C Jews: the essence and character of a people]'' (HarperCollins, 1998) ISBN 0060638354, p. 164</ref> The Jews, he wrote, "deserve to be punished," for it is their "destiny."<ref>Avner Falk, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zL_0WOiZj0oC Anti-semitism: a history and psychoanalysis of contemporary hatred]'' (ABC-CLIO, 2008) ISBN 0313353840, p. 9</ref> "The Jewish nation dares to display an irreconcilable hatred toward all nations, and revolts against all masters," wrote Voltaire, "always superstitious, always greedy for the well-being enjoyed by others, always barbarous&mdash;cringing in misfortune and insolent in prosperity."<ref>Voltaire, ''Essai sur les Moeurs et l'Esprit des Nations'', Introduction, [http://www.voltaire-integral.com/Html/11/07INTFIN.html#i42 XLII: Des Juifs depuis Saül], 1753</ref>  

“The Marxist, postmodern and post-Zionist pseudo-liberal views on democracy lead back to the totalitarian democracy of the French Enlightenment, in which anti-Semitism formed an essential ingredient,” writes Shlomo Sharan of Tel Aviv University.<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref> At that time, "the Jews symbolised the distressing symptoms of modernity ushered in by capitalism and political liberalism," writes Christian Wiese, professor of Jewish history at the University of Sussex.<ref>Christian Wiese, "Modern Antisemitism and Jewish Responses in Germany and France," in Michael Brenner, Vicki Caron and Uri R. Kaufmann, eds., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=b2DN7yDuCyoC Jewish emancipation reconsidered: the French and German models]'' (Mohr Siebeck, 2003) ISBN 316148018X, p. 136</ref> “[T]he sudden prominence of a few Jews who benefited from economic liberalisation provoked a backlash from the Left.”<ref>David Cesarani, ''[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/ressources/left_jews/Left_Jews_final.pdf The Jews and the Left] (Labour Friends of Israel 2004) ISBN 0 9500536-5-1, p. 3 (PDF p.9)</ref> In France, writes Göttingen historian Karlheinz Weissmann, many on the left saw the Jews "as the embodiment of capitalism."<ref>Karlheinz Weissmann, "[http://mises.org/journals/jls/12_2/12_2_3.pdf The Epoch of National Socialism]," ''The Journal of Libertarian Studies,'' Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1996), pp. 257–294, citing Edmund Silberner, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y6EiAAAAMAAJ Sozialisten zur Judenfrage: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialismus vom Anfang des 19.Jahrhunderts bis 1914]'' (Berlin, 1962), pp. 65–82</ref> Voltaire denounced the Jews as "the greatest scoundrels who have ever sullied the face of the globe".<ref>Arthur Hertzberg and Aron Hirt-Manheimer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=hiWBs5HM_E0C Jews: the essence and character of a people]'' (HarperCollins, 1998) ISBN 0060638354, p. 164</ref> The Jews, he wrote, "deserve to be punished," for it is their "destiny."<ref>Avner Falk, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zL_0WOiZj0oC Anti-semitism: a history and psychoanalysis of contemporary hatred]'' (ABC-CLIO, 2008) ISBN 0313353840, p. 9</ref> "The Jewish nation dares to display an irreconcilable hatred toward all nations, and revolts against all masters," wrote Voltaire, "always superstitious, always greedy for the well-being enjoyed by others, always barbarous&mdash;cringing in misfortune and insolent in prosperity."<ref>Voltaire, ''Essai sur les Moeurs et l'Esprit des Nations'', Introduction, [http://www.voltaire-integral.com/Html/11/07INTFIN.html#i42 XLII: Des Juifs depuis Saül], 1753</ref>  

"It was in those days that the complaint arose that Jews were 'unproductive middle men,' 'economic parasites,'" wrote Edward H. Flannery, a professor at the Institute of Judeo-Christian Studies at Seton Hall University.<ref>Eric Pace, "[http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/22/us/the-rev-edward-flannery-86-priest-who-fought-anti-semitism.html The Rev. Edward Flannery, 86, Priest Who Fought Anti-Semitism]," ''The New York Times'', October 22, 1998</ref> "It was shaped for the most part by socialist  writers and became a favorite theme with later racist antisemites of a socialist stripe."<ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> Among the French Left, observes Weissmann, were "numerous individuals and groups who considered class struggle and race struggle as one and the same thing&mdash;especially with reference to the Jews...."<ref>Karlheinz Weissmann, "[http://mises.org/journals/jls/12_2/12_2_3.pdf The Epoch of National Socialism]," ''The Journal of Libertarian Studies,'' Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1996), pp. 257–294, citing Edmund Silberner, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y6EiAAAAMAAJ Sozialisten zur Judenfrage: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialismus vom Anfang des 19.Jahrhunderts bis 1914]'' (Berlin, 1962), pp. 65–82</ref> "[T]hrough almost all countries of Europe there is spreading a powerful, hostile state, which is perpetually at war with all other States, and which in some of them oppresses the citizens with the utmost severity: it is Jewry."<ref>Moshe Leshem, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NGSAAAAAIAAJ Balaam's curse: how Israel lost its way, and how it can find it again]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1989) ISBN 067167918X, p. 53</ref> wrote the early socialist Johann Gottlieb Fichte. "I see no other means of protecting ourselves against them, than by conquering their Promised Land and sending them all there."<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref> Elsewhere, he suggested a more radical solution, in which Gentiles "chop off all their [Jews'] heads and replace them with new ones, in which there would not be a single Jewish idea."<ref>Jon Stratton, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Blh7RLQVIUcC Jewish identity in Western pop culture: the Holocaust and trauma through modernity]'' (Macmillan, 2008), ISBN 0230604749, p. 24</ref> In Fichte's text "we see the beginnings of the 'anticapitalist' impulse in modern antisemitism, which became central to revolutionist agendas for the redemption of humanity through the regeneration of Jewry," observes [http://www.gf.org/fellows/8291-anthony-j-la-vopa Guggenheim Fellow] Anthony J. LaVopa.<ref>Anthony J. LaVopa, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=vQx0_69P4z4C Fichte: the self and the calling of philosophy, 1762-1799]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2001), ISBN 052179145, p. 135</ref> Duquesne University professor Tom Rockmore comments that "available evidence points strongly to an early and perhaps enduring Marxian interest in Fichte's position."<ref>Tom Rockmore, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qrS4AAAAIAAJ Fichte, Marx, and the German philosophical tradition]'' (Southern Illinois University Press, 1980), ISBN 0809309556, p. 126</ref>

"It was in those days that the complaint arose that Jews were 'unproductive middle men,' 'economic parasites,'" wrote Edward H. Flannery, a professor at the Institute of Judeo-Christian Studies at Seton Hall University.<ref>Eric Pace, "[http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/22/us/the-rev-edward-flannery-86-priest-who-fought-anti-semitism.html The Rev. Edward Flannery, 86, Priest Who Fought Anti-Semitism]," ''The New York Times'', October 22, 1998</ref> "It was shaped for the most part by socialist  writers and became a favorite theme with later racist antisemites of a socialist stripe."<ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> "Certain anti-economists affiliated with the socialist movement held Jews

to be potentates of an oppressive contemporary social order."<ref>William Oliver Coleman, "[http://www.bupedu.com/lms/admin/uploded_article/eA.368.pdf Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics]," ''History of Political Economy'' (Duke University Press), Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003), p. 764</ref> Among the French Left, observes Weissmann, were "numerous individuals and groups who considered class struggle and race struggle as one and the same thing&mdash;especially with reference to the Jews...."<ref>Karlheinz Weissmann, "[http://mises.org/journals/jls/12_2/12_2_3.pdf The Epoch of National Socialism]," ''The Journal of Libertarian Studies,'' Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1996), pp. 257–294, citing Edmund Silberner, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y6EiAAAAMAAJ Sozialisten zur Judenfrage: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialismus vom Anfang des 19.Jahrhunderts bis 1914]'' (Berlin, 1962), pp. 65–82</ref>

“Socialist anti-Semitism is indeed almost as old as modern Socialism,” writes historian Edmund Silberner of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.<ref>Edmund Silberner, “The Anti-Semitic Tradition in Modern Socialism,” Scripta Hierosolymitana, vol. III (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1956), pp.378-379</ref> In his comprehensive survey of French socialist literature from 1820 to 1920, historian Zosa Szajkowski found not a single word on behalf of Jews.<ref>Zosa Szajkowski, ''[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4464737 The Jewish Saint-Simonians and Socialist Antisemites in France]'', ''Jewish Social Studies'', Vol. 9, No. 1 (January, 1947), pp. 33-60 </ref> Early socialism was inseparable from anti-Semitism, portraying Jews as exploiters, leeches and parasites.<ref>Edmund Silberner, “The Anti-Semitic Tradition in Modern Socialism,” ''Scripta Hierosolymitana'', vol. III (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1956), pp.378-379</ref> Pierre Leroux, who coined the word "socialism", “identified the Jews with the despised capitalism, and regarded them as the incarnation of mammon, who lived by exploiting others.”<ref>Dennis Prager and Joseph Telushkin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=VK0llzUqQ2YC Why the Jews?: the reason for antisemitism]'' (Simon and Schuster, 2003) ISBN 0743246209, p. 127</ref> He condemned what he called "the Jewish spirit, the spirit of profit, of lucre, of gain, the spirit of commerce, of speculation, in a word, the banker spirit."<ref>Lewis S. Feuer and Irving Horowitz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=8TwfWRr21zEC Ideology and the Ideologists]'' (Transaction Publishers, 2010) ISBN 1412814421, p. 141</ref> When the bourgeois<ref>"M. Doumic on Victor Hugo as a Bourgeois," Boston ''Transcript'' (reprinted in Theodore Stanton, "M. René Doumic," New York ''Evening Post'', March 24, 1898, as cited in [http://books.google.com/books?id=Y94aAAAAYAAJ ''Public Opinion'', Vol. XXIV, No. 12] (January-June, 1898), p. 374</ref> Victor Hugo, a cultural Catholic,<ref>John Andrew Frey, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=olFboDm4bcgC A Victor Hugo encyclopedia]'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999) ISBN 0313298963, p. 222</ref> defended Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer scapegoated by the French army, the French socialist press published a manifesto denouncing Hugo's crusade on the grounds that Jewish capitalists would use the rehabilitation of a single Jew to wash out "all the sins of Israel."<ref>Joseph Telushkin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=bIHtJzYCkqEC Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History]'' (HarperCollins, 2008) ISBN 0061374989, p. 275</ref> Early socialist Charles Fourier called Jews “parasites, merchants, and usurers;”<ref>Julia Franklin, trans., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=w2CgXn5jAm8C Selections from the works of Fourier]'' [S. Sonnenschein & co., lim., 1901], p. 96, n. 1. Cf. Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' [W. W. Norton & Company, 1999] ISBN 0393318397, p. 111</ref> Fourier's disciple, Alphonse Toussenel, wrote that "Europe is entailed to the domination of Israel";<ref>William Oliver Coleman, "[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/history_of_political_economy/v035/35.4coleman.html Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics]," ''History of Political Economy'', Vol. 35, No. 4 [Winter 2003], pp. 759-777</ref> "industrial feudalism"&mdash;as he called capitalism&mdash;"is personified in the cosmopolitan Jew."<ref>Jacob Katz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FeH_uNpWbZAC From prejudice to destruction: anti-Semitism, 1700-1933]'' (Harvard University Press, 1980) ISBN 0674325079, p. 125</ref> Pierre-Joseph Proudon called Jews “the race which poisons everything” and “the enemy of the human race”;<ref>Norman Podhoretz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=QUfFP_Q_nqIC Why are Jews Liberals?]'' (Random House, Inc., 2009) ISBN 0385529198, p. 62</ref> He wrote, "This race must be sent back to Asia, or exterminated."<ref>Daniel Halévy and Pierre Haubtmann, eds., ''Carnets de P.J. Proudhon'' (Paris: Marcel Rivière, 1961), Vol. II, p. 337; Vol. VI, p. 178</ref> Mikhail Bakunin called Jews “an exploiting sect, a bloodsucking people, a unique devouring parasite,”<ref>Robert S. Wistrich, “[http://leobaeck.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/37/1/111 Socialism and Judeophobia: Antisemitism in Europe before 1914],” ''Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook'', Vol. 37, No. 1 (January 1992), pp. 111-145</ref> while Beatrice Webb wrote that “the strongest impelling motive of the Jewish race” was “the love of ''profit'' as distinct from other forms of money-earning.” (Italics in original.)<ref>Beatrice Webb, “East London Labour,” ''[http://books.google.com/bookes?id=udcaAAAAYAAJ The Nineteenth Century]'', Vol. XXIV (July-December 1888), p. 176.</ref> "Jew moneylenders," complained H.M. Hyndman's ''Justice, Organ of the Social Democracy'' (the first Marxist periodical in England), "now control nearly every Foreign Office in Europe."<ref>Guido Kisch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5h8WAAAAIAAJ Historia judaica: a journal of studies in Jewish history, especially in legal and economic history of the Jews'', Volumes 13-14] (Historia Judaica, 1951), p. 44. (On ''Justice'' generally, see Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qVrUTUelE6YC Dictionary of nineteenth-century journalism in Great Britain and Ireland]'' [Academia Press, 2009] ISBN 9038213409, p. 328)</ref>

“Socialist anti-Semitism is indeed almost as old as modern Socialism,” writes historian Edmund Silberner of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.<ref>Edmund Silberner, “The Anti-Semitic Tradition in Modern Socialism,” Scripta Hierosolymitana, vol. III (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1956), pp.378-379</ref> In his comprehensive survey of French socialist literature from 1820 to 1920, historian Zosa Szajkowski found not a single word on behalf of Jews.<ref>Zosa Szajkowski, ''[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4464737 The Jewish Saint-Simonians and Socialist Antisemites in France]'', ''Jewish Social Studies'', Vol. 9, No. 1 (January, 1947), pp. 33-60 </ref> Early socialism was inseparable from anti-Semitism, portraying Jews as exploiters, leeches and parasites.<ref>Edmund Silberner, “The Anti-Semitic Tradition in Modern Socialism,” ''Scripta Hierosolymitana'', vol. III (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1956), pp.378-379</ref>

During the 19th century, the center of left-wing anti-Semitism gradually shifted from Paris to Vienna, where the "radical-democratic and nationalist left wing" was headed by German Liberal Party leader Georg von Schönerer,<ref>Viktor Karády, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=4hGg9rMQpEEC The Jews of Europe in the modern era: a socio-historical outline]'' (Central European University Press, 2004) ISBN 9639241520, p. 360</ref> one of a group of "left-wing German liberals" who demanded "the exclusion of Jews from the new movement and as far as possible from public life";<ref>Robert A. Kann, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cG570mijBF4C A history of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918]'' (University of California Press, 1980) ISBN 0520042069, p. 433</ref> Hitler would later ascribe to Schönerer "the wisdom of a prophet."<ref>Adolf Hitler, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=EBUBUEeUwxUC Mein Kampf: zwei Bände in einem Band'', Vol. 1], 40th ed., (Bottom of the Hill, 1938) ISBN 1935785079, p. 93</ref> In late 19th  century Germany, a popular critical view held that capitalism was a product of Jewish culture.<ref>Cristobal Young, "[http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/3/0/8/9/5/pages308953/p308953-1.php Christianity, Judaism, and the Spirit of Capitalism: The Weber-Sombart Debates]," Department of Sociology, Princeton University, p. 1</ref> Adolf Stöcker, leader of the  left-wing Christian Social Party, wrote, "I see in unrestrained capitalism the evil of our epoch and am naturally also an opponent of modern Judaism on account of my socio-political views."<ref>Peter G. J. Pulzer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zCoUo84hXDEC The rise of political anti-semitism in Germany & Austria]'' (Harvard University Press, 1988) ISBN 0674771664, p. 95.</ref> Meanwhile, Adam Müller, leader of the anti-capitalist right, said, “The Jewish messiah, the Antichrist, has come to earth in the guise of the steam engine, and this in order to speed up the end of the world.”<ref>George L. Mosse, [http://history.wisc.edu/mosse/george_mosse/summaries/jewish_history_lecture7.htm Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7], March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison</ref> According to Tyler Cowen, professor of economics at George Mason University:

During the 19th century, the center of left-wing anti-Semitism gradually shifted from Paris to Vienna, where the "radical-democratic and nationalist left wing" was headed by German Liberal Party leader Georg von Schönerer,<ref>Viktor Karády, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=4hGg9rMQpEEC The Jews of Europe in the modern era: a socio-historical outline]'' (Central European University Press, 2004) ISBN 9639241520, p. 360</ref> one of a group of "left-wing German liberals" who demanded "the exclusion of Jews from the new movement and as far as possible from public life";<ref>Robert A. Kann, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cG570mijBF4C A history of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918]'' (University of California Press, 1980) ISBN 0520042069, p. 433</ref> Hitler would later ascribe to Schönerer "the wisdom of a prophet."<ref>Adolf Hitler, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=EBUBUEeUwxUC Mein Kampf: zwei Bände in einem Band'', Vol. 1], 40th ed., (Bottom of the Hill, 1938) ISBN 1935785079, p. 93</ref> In late 19th  century Germany, a popular critical view held that capitalism was a product of Jewish culture.<ref>Cristobal Young, "[http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/3/0/8/9/5/pages308953/p308953-1.php Christianity, Judaism, and the Spirit of Capitalism: The Weber-Sombart Debates]," Department of Sociology, Princeton University, p. 1</ref> Adolf Stöcker, leader of the  left-wing Christian Social Party, wrote, "I see in unrestrained capitalism the evil of our epoch and am naturally also an opponent of modern Judaism on account of my socio-political views."<ref>Peter G. J. Pulzer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zCoUo84hXDEC The rise of political anti-semitism in Germany & Austria]'' (Harvard University Press, 1988) ISBN 0674771664, p. 95.</ref> Meanwhile, Adam Müller, leader of the anti-capitalist right, said, “The Jewish messiah, the Antichrist, has come to earth in the guise of the steam engine, and this in order to speed up the end of the world.”<ref>George L. Mosse, [http://history.wisc.edu/mosse/george_mosse/summaries/jewish_history_lecture7.htm Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7], March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison</ref> According to Tyler Cowen, professor of economics at George Mason University:

{{cquote|German writers picked up on earlier anti-Enlightenment theories of a Judeo-Masonic conspiracy to rule the world. During the French Revolution, the Jews, along with the Masons, were identified as forces for liberalism, secularism, and capitalism. German writers quickly found the Jews to be a more popular target than the Masons, perhaps because they were more visible or more different. The originally Judeo-Masonic theories eventually discarded the other conspirators, such as the Templars and the Illuminati, and focused on the Jews.<ref>Tyler Cowen, "[http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/the-socialist-roots-of-modern-anti-semitism/ The Socialist Roots of Modern Anti-Semitism]," ''The Freeman'' (Foundation for Economic Education), January 1997</ref>}}

{{cquote|German writers picked up on earlier anti-Enlightenment theories of a Judeo-Masonic conspiracy to rule the world. During the French Revolution, the Jews, along with the Masons, were identified as forces for liberalism, secularism, and capitalism. German writers quickly found the Jews to be a more popular target than the Masons, perhaps because they were more visible or more different. The originally Judeo-Masonic theories eventually discarded the other conspirators, such as the Templars and the Illuminati, and focused on the Jews.<ref>Tyler Cowen, "[http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/the-socialist-roots-of-modern-anti-semitism/ The Socialist Roots of Modern Anti-Semitism]," ''The Freeman'' (Foundation for Economic Education), January 1997</ref>}}