Changes

On fallacies:  The preeminent fallacy committed by typical science researchers today is the idea of methodological-naturalism, I.E., You can make no appeal to any causation beyond the boundaries of observable nature.  That is implicitly a biased point-of-view, and is a fundamentally flawed agenda if the actual goal is the pursuit of truth no matter where it leads--ostensibly the sovereign goal of science research itself (I know, I know...I'm probably just a naive idealist  :^).  All other current reasoning errors in science and philosophy research stem from this basic issue.

On fallacies:  The preeminent fallacy committed by typical science researchers today is the idea of methodological-naturalism, I.E., You can make no appeal to any causation beyond the boundaries of observable nature.  That is implicitly a biased point-of-view, and is a fundamentally flawed agenda if the actual goal is the pursuit of truth no matter where it leads--ostensibly the sovereign goal of science research itself (I know, I know...I'm probably just a naive idealist  :^).  All other current reasoning errors in science and philosophy research stem from this basic issue.

Finally, on the 'Bouncing-Universe': This ancient Hindu notion has pervaded much of modern philosophy, but it no longer has any real weight in science research, other than possibly as wishful thinking and longing for 'the good old days'... :^).  There was a research satellite named COBE (published in 1992), which provided 2 major findings in cosmology.  The most important one for this issue is that it showed definitively the universe as a whole is a "perfect black-body radiator".  This is a concept from Thermodynamics.  The accuracy of the initial measurements leading to this finding have since been greatly enhanced by several other instruments and research teams, and all strongly confirmed the finding--namely this:  That the universe as a whole radiates '''''all''''' it's energy (that is, 100%). If you do a little mechanics analysis (remember E=MC^2?) and you realize- There's no energy left over to provide a so-called 'bounce'.

Finally, on the 'Bouncing-Universe': This ancient Hindu notion has pervaded much of modern philosophy, but it no longer has any real weight in science research, other than possibly as wishful thinking and longing for 'the good old days'... :^).  There was a research satellite named COBE (published in 1992), which provided 2 major findings in cosmology.  The most important one for this issue is that it showed definitively the universe as a whole is a "perfect black-body radiator".  This is a concept from Thermodynamics.  The accuracy of the initial measurements leading to this finding have since been greatly enhanced by several other instruments and research teams, and all strongly confirmed the finding--namely this:  That the universe as a whole radiates '''''all''''' it's energy (that is, 100%). If you do a little mechanics analysis (remember E=MC^2?) then you realize- There's no energy left over to provide for a so-called 'bounce'.

Additionally, not only is the universe shown to be expanding, but it is now known that it's ''rate'' of expansion is '''increasing'''.  If gravitational braking alone was the only action taking place, you would expect a ''decrease'' in it's rate, not an ''increase''.  And, even accounting for Dark Matter, the universe is ''far'' short of the critical mass-density required to gravitationally halt it's expansion, even if Dark Energy wasn't in fact the dominant factor, as it is conclusively known to be.

Additionally, not only is the universe shown to be expanding, but it is now known that it's ''rate'' of expansion is '''increasing'''.  If gravitational braking alone was the only action taking place, you would expect a ''decrease'' in it's rate, not an ''increase''.  And, even accounting for Dark Matter, the universe is ''far'' short of the critical mass-density required to gravitationally halt it's expansion, even if Dark Energy wasn't in fact the dominant factor, as it is conclusively known to be.