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'''Operant conditioning''' is a mechanism thought by many [[Psychology|psychologists]] to explain voluntary behavior in humans and animals.  Operant conditioning is based on the idea that behavior depends on its anticipated consequences.  A behavior that has desirable consequences tends to be repeated, whereas a behavior that has aversive consequences is unlikely to be repeated.  The consequences of behavior are referred to as ''operants''.  Operants include ''reinforcers'' and ''punishers''.  A reinforcer leads to an increase in behavior, while a punisher leads to a decrease.  Operants can be either positive or negative.  An operant is positive when a desirable or aversive consequence is added, and negative when a desirable or aversive consequence is removed.  The four types of operants thus include:

'''Operant conditioning''' is a mechanism thought by many [[liberal]] [[Psychology|psychologists]] to explain voluntary behavior in humans and animals.  Operant conditioning is based on the idea that behavior depends on its anticipated consequences.  A behavior that has desirable consequences tends to be repeated, whereas a behavior that has aversive consequences is unlikely to be repeated.  The consequences of behavior are referred to as ''operants''.  Operants include ''reinforcers'' and ''punishers''.  A reinforcer leads to an increase in behavior, while a punisher leads to a decrease.  Operants can be either positive or negative.  An operant is positive when a desirable or aversive consequence is added, and negative when a desirable or aversive consequence is removed.  The four types of operants thus include:

'''Positive Reinforcement''' occurs when a desired consequence leads to an increase in behavior.  This is also referred to as ''reward''.  For example, if a student achieves good grades by studying hard, he is likely to receive praise from his teachers and parents.  If the praise encourages the student to continue to study hard, it is positively reinforcing his behavior.

'''Positive Reinforcement''' occurs when a desired consequence leads to an increase in behavior.  This is also referred to as ''reward''.  For example, if a student achieves good grades by studying hard, he is likely to receive praise from his teachers and parents.  If the praise encourages the student to continue to study hard, it is positively reinforcing his behavior.

The term was coined by psychologist B F Skinner in his 1938 book "The Beahavior of Organisms: an Experimental Analysis".  His 1948 paper, "Superstition in the Pigeon", is a favourite of atheists because Skinner claims to have used positive reinforcement to teach pigeons how to follow meaningless rituals in expectation of reward.

The term was coined by psychologist B F Skinner in his 1938 book "The Beahavior of Organisms: an Experimental Analysis".  His 1948 paper, "Superstition in the Pigeon", is a favourite of atheists because Skinner claims to have used positive reinforcement to teach pigeons how to follow meaningless rituals in expectation of reward.

[[category:Psychology]]

[[category:Psychology]]