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*militant social activists
*militant social activists
:They use the tactics of manipulation in their overall ''modus operandi'' and seek to rise to position of substantial power and influence. They gravitate toward and exploit the excellent opportunities for self-advancement and the wielding of considerable power under the guise of service available in such endeavors.
:They use the tactics of manipulation in their overall ''modus operandi'' and seek to rise to position of substantial power and influence. They gravitate toward and exploit the excellent opportunities for self-advancement and the wielding of considerable power under the guise of service available in such endeavors.
==Examples==
===Science===
In his historical lecture at Sorbonne University in 1864, [[Louis Pasteur]] denounced the doctrine on [[spontaneous generation]], supported by [[evolutionist]]s of his day, as error. Since then, Georges Clemenceau was among those who instead of accepting the new [[scientific discovery|scientific discoveries]] by Pasteur had never forgiven him for this and he became his fierce opponent. For twenty years the future Tiger had been waiting for opportunity to thwart Pasteur and his methods. What was at stake here was the very future of the vaccines. In 1886 he joined Pasteur's adversaries who tried to discredit his method of antirabies vaccination whenever a death of patient occurred and who were ready to unleash hostile campaigns in the French press that was always looking for scandal and in the scientific press, that had gained an important position in society since the first half of the nineteenth century. Pasteur however had no doubts about the effectiveness of his vaccine and made sure that every last hostile article based on manipulative, aggressive and false accusations, whether in the general press or in specialized journals, received his response in which he defended his findings and conclusions he had drawn from them. Instead of using underhand means, Pasteur showed science in action, personified the march of progress and at the same time his aggressive adversaries were consumed by envy and "cast into the shadowy realm of the wicked", along with archaic opponents of Pasteur's method.<ref name="Debré">{{cite book |title=Louis Pasteur|author=Patrice Debré|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore and London|year=1998|pages=454-456|isbn=978-0801-865299|url=http://books.google.no/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C&printsec=frontcover&dq=ouis+Pasteur+Patrice+Debr%C3%A9&hl=en&sa=X&ei=R6mwUfe1Cuqw4QSS64GYAQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=analogy&f=false|quote=Pasteur...went up to ... offer his criticism:...Analogy cannot serve as proof.}}</ref>
== References ==
== References ==