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|Philip II
 
|Philip II
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588
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|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain and a descendant of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty navy the Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588
 
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|-
 
|William of Orange
 
|William of Orange
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|[[England]]
 
|[[England]]
|A nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; it established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today
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|A nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; it established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but, due to its atheism and socialism, is much weaker than the U.S. today
 
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|mercantilism
 
|mercantilism
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the American colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples
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|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulated gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the American colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured in the mother country and exported for profit
 
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|-
 
|Queen Elizabeth  
 
|Queen Elizabeth  
|(1558-1603) was known as the "Virgin Queen" of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor
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|(1558-1603) was known as the "Virgin Queen" of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; the State of Virginia was named in her honor
 
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|[[James Stuart]]
 
|[[James Stuart]]
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|King James Bible
 
|King James Bible
|(1611) the magnificent English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which even elevated the English language itself
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|(1611) the magnificent English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which was so influential that it improved the English language itself
 
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|[[Glorious Revolution]]
 
|[[Glorious Revolution]]
 
|revolution that took place in England in 1688, which replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.
 
|revolution that took place in England in 1688, which replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.
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|William and Mary
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|ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland in the late 1600s, and founded the college of William and Mary in the Virginia colony in 1693
   
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|Ivan IV “the Terrible”  
 
|Ivan IV “the Terrible”  
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