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Line 355: − |- − | align=center|[[Roman von Ungern-Sternberg]] || align=center|[[Mongolia]] || align=center|1921 || <small> − Born, Baron Roman Nicolaus von Ungern-Sternberg (Роман Фёдорович Унгерн фон Штернберг), in Graf, Austria of Prussian nobility, von Ungern-Sternberg fought, against his own Prussians, in the Imperial Russian Army during World War I and fought the [[Bolsheviks]], in [[Siberia]], after 1917. A rabid [[monarchist]], von Ungern-Sternberg soon thereafter became an independent [[warlord]] with the intention of establishing an independent Russo-Sino-Mongolian monarchy in [[Urga]] under the nominal rule of [[Bogd Khaan]] (the [[Living Buddha]]). Although considered the paragon of bravery, von Ungern-Sternberg was reckless, brutal and mentally unstable. − </small><small> − After a savage battle against occupying [[Chinese republic]]an forces, on March 13, 1921, [[Mongolia]] was proclaimed an independent [[monarchy]], and Ungern von Sternberg became Mongolian [[dictator]]. His brief rule of Mongolia was characterised by looting, raping and a reign of terror by his army. Eventually, the [[Bolsheviks]] invaded Mongolia and after a series of battles, von Ungern-Sternberg was defeated in a August 1921, captured by his own soldiers, and handed over to the [[Red Army]] on August 21, 1921. − </small> Line 420:
Line 413: − |- − |align=center|[[Nicholas II]] ||align=center| [[Russia]] ||align=center|1894-1917 || <small>Ruthless, overthrown by the "October Revolution" and the newly established communist government. The last Tsar of Russia.</small>
These persons were Monarchists and not Dictators
The following is a list of national leaders ([[Head of state|heads of state]] and/or [[Head of government|heads of government]]) commonly regarded as modern [[dictator]]s. This usage usually carries a pejorative sense and refers to a ruler who:
The following is a list of national leaders ([[Head of state|heads of state]] and/or [[Head of government|heads of government]]) commonly regarded as modern [[dictator]]s. This usage usually carries a pejorative sense and refers to a ruler who:
* Rules by decree, via an [[Enabling Act]] or similar laws passed by a legislature allowing him to do so;
* Rules by decree, via an Enabling Act or similar laws passed by a legislature allowing him to do so;
* is an [[absolute ruler]] of a [[state|sovereign state]], usually appointed, but without hereditary ascension;
* is an [[absolute ruler]] of a [[state|sovereign state]], usually appointed, but without hereditary ascension;
* governs outside the otherwise accepted [[rule of law]];
* governs outside the otherwise accepted [[rule of law]];
* may be autocratic, oppressive, despotic or tyrannical.
* may be autocratic, oppressive, despotic or tyrannical.
Some so-called "[[Dictator#"The benevolent dictator"|benevolent dictators]]" may be viewed as beneficial and their leadership seen as a "necessary evil".
Some so-called "benevolent dictators" may be viewed as beneficial and their leadership seen as a "necessary evil".
The modern usage of the term 'dictator' developed largely in response to instances of autocratic rule in [[republic]]s, so traditional [[monarch]]s are not usually described as dictators in historical commentary. Also excluded from this list are those who held [[absolute power]] during national [[State of emergency|emergencies]], but restored the rule of law soon thereafter. Otherwise those included have been widely cited by historians or described by the [[Mass media|media]] as dictators. Any controversy surrounding such characterisation is mentioned in the notes.
The modern usage of the term 'dictator' developed largely in response to instances of autocratic rule in [[republic]]s, so traditional [[monarch]]s are not usually described as dictators in historical commentary. Also excluded from this list are those who held [[absolute power]] during national [[State of emergency|emergencies]], but restored the rule of law soon thereafter. Otherwise those included have been widely cited by historians or described by the [[Mass media|media]] as dictators. Any controversy surrounding such characterisation is mentioned in the notes.
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|align=center|[[Yuan Shikai]] || align=center|[[Republic of China]] || align=center|1912–1916 || <small>[[President of the Republic of China]], self-proclaimed [[Emperor of China]], 1916. Ignored legislative consent as defined by the [[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitution]]; dissolved the [[National Assembly of the Republic of China|National Assembly]]; assassinated [[Song Jiaoren]]; disbanded the [[Kuomintang]].</small>
|align=center|[[Yuan Shikai]] || align=center|[[Republic of China]] || align=center|1912–1916 || <small>[[President of the Republic of China]], self-proclaimed [[Emperor of China]], 1916. Ignored legislative consent as defined by the [[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitution]]; dissolved the [[National Assembly of the Republic of China|National Assembly]]; assassinated [[Song Jiaoren]]; disbanded the [[Kuomintang]].</small>
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| align=center|[[Horloogiyn Choybalsan]] || align=center|[[Mongolia]] || align=center|1936–1952 ||<small> Unelected; opponents purged; cult of personality.</small>
| align=center|[[Horloogiyn Choybalsan]] || align=center|[[Mongolia]] || align=center|1936–1952 ||<small> Unelected; opponents purged; cult of personality.</small>
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| align=center| [[Romuald Traugutt]] || align=center| [[Poland]] || align=center|1863–1864 || <small>Held official title of dictator for one year. Succeeded [[Marian Langiewicz]] who had declared himself dictator previously, but only lasted less than a year in 1863. </small>
| align=center| [[Romuald Traugutt]] || align=center| [[Poland]] || align=center|1863–1864 || <small>Held official title of dictator for one year. Succeeded [[Marian Langiewicz]] who had declared himself dictator previously, but only lasted less than a year in 1863. </small>
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| align=center| [[Vladimir Lenin]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1917-1924 || <small>Head of Bolshevik Revolution took power in 1917. Secured victory in the Russian civil war. Headed effort to transform the Russian economy to a socialist model.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/lenin_vladimir.shtml] </small>
| align=center| [[Vladimir Lenin]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1917-1924 || <small>Head of Bolshevik Revolution took power in 1917. Secured victory in the Russian civil war. Headed effort to transform the Russian economy to a socialist model.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/lenin_vladimir.shtml] </small>