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The reduction or elimination of the separation of powers is a necessary foundational component of the modern Administrative State.
===Woodrow Wilson and public administration===
===Woodrow Wilson and public administration===
{{main|The Study of Administration}}
[[Woodrow Wilson]] was a founder of the study of public administration by political scientists. Wilson believed in a strong, active role for the central government and as president succeeded in establishing legislation that significantly enlarged its regulatory powers. With the publication of ''Congressional Government'' in 1885, Wilson established himself as a leader of the political reform movement of the day. The book was the first of its kind to analyze policymaking by the central government and to provide recommendations for changing the process. Wilson was one of the three most prominent public administrators of the 1880s and 1890s. As an academician, he promoted a separate department for the study of public administration and wrote 'The Study of Administration' (1887), the first published essay by a university scholar on the subject, established Wilson as the leading authority in the field. During the next year he inaugurated a course in public administration at Johns Hopkins University, providing three 6-week lecture series arranged in a 3-year cycle. In 1889, Wilson published a textbook, ''The State,'' and, in 1891, he began at Hopkins a new 3-year course which was a further significant step in the development of the study of administration. He was one of the first scholars to realize fully that all government was ultimately to be administration.<ref> Richard J. Stillman, II, "Woodrow Wilson and the Study of Administration: A New Look at an Old Essay," ''American Political Science Review,'' Vol. 67, No. 2 (Jun., 1973), pp. 582-588 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1958787 in JSTOR]; Larry Walker, "Woodrow Wilson, Progressive Reform, and Public Administration," ''Political Science Quarterly'', Vol. 104, No. 3 (Autumn, 1989), pp. 509-525 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2151276 in JSTOR]</ref>
[[Woodrow Wilson]] was a founder of the study of public administration by political scientists. Wilson believed in a strong, active role for the central government and as president succeeded in establishing legislation that significantly enlarged its regulatory powers. With the publication of ''Congressional Government'' in 1885, Wilson established himself as a leader of the political reform movement of the day. The book was the first of its kind to analyze policymaking by the central government and to provide recommendations for changing the process. Wilson was one of the three most prominent public administrators of the 1880s and 1890s. As an academician, he promoted a separate department for the study of public administration and wrote 'The Study of Administration' (1887), the first published essay by a university scholar on the subject, established Wilson as the leading authority in the field. During the next year he inaugurated a course in public administration at Johns Hopkins University, providing three 6-week lecture series arranged in a 3-year cycle. In 1889, Wilson published a textbook, ''The State,'' and, in 1891, he began at Hopkins a new 3-year course which was a further significant step in the development of the study of administration. He was one of the first scholars to realize fully that all government was ultimately to be administration.<ref> Richard J. Stillman, II, "Woodrow Wilson and the Study of Administration: A New Look at an Old Essay," ''American Political Science Review,'' Vol. 67, No. 2 (Jun., 1973), pp. 582-588 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1958787 in JSTOR]; Larry Walker, "Woodrow Wilson, Progressive Reform, and Public Administration," ''Political Science Quarterly'', Vol. 104, No. 3 (Autumn, 1989), pp. 509-525 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2151276 in JSTOR]</ref>
As noted by Professor Pestritto, Wilson wrote<ref name="Heritage" />:
As noted by Professor Pestritto, Wilson wrote<ref name="Heritage" />:
<blockquote>The functions of government are in a very real sense independent of legislation, and even constitutions, because [they are] as old as government and inherent in its very nature. The bulk and complex minuteness of our positive law, which covers almost every case that can arise in Administration, obscures for us the fact that Administration cannot wait upon legislation, but must be given leave, or take it, to proceed without specific warrant in giving effect to the characteristic life of the State.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CRXAAAAYAAJ&q=%22The+functions+of+government+are+in+a+very+real+sense+independent+of+legislation%22&dq=%22The+functions+of+government+are+in+a+very+real+sense+independent+of+legislation%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FgYWVeLqNO3isAT4nIG4DQ&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBw|last1=Wilson|first1=Woodrow|title=The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, Volume 7|date=1969|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=121}}</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>The functions of government are in a very real sense independent of legislation, and even constitutions, because [they are] as old as government and inherent in its very nature. The bulk and complex minuteness of our positive law, which covers almost every case that can arise in Administration, obscures for us the fact that Administration cannot wait upon legislation, but must be given leave, or take it, to proceed without specific warrant in giving effect to the characteristic life of the State.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CRXAAAAYAAJ&q=%22The+functions+of+government+are+in+a+very+real+sense+independent+of+legislation%22&dq=%22The+functions+of+government+are+in+a+very+real+sense+independent+of+legislation%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FgYWVeLqNO3isAT4nIG4DQ&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBw|last1=Wilson|first1=Woodrow|title=The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, Volume 7|date=1969|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=121}}</ref></blockquote>
====Collectivism====
Wilson laid out a vision of collectivism with respect to eroding the Constitutional [[Separation of Powers]]. Government powers are separated on purpose to prevent harm to the citizens, but Wilson saw the separation as a problem, and thought government efficiency could be increased by bringing the branches together. At a campaign stop during the 1912 election, Wilson asked "''What is Progress'', and this was his response:
<blockquote>No living thing can have its organs offset against each other, as checks, and live. On the contrary, its life is dependent upon their quick co-operation, their ready response to the commands of instinct or intelligence, their amicable community of purpose. Government is not a body of blind forces; it is a body of men, with highly differentiated functions, no doubt, in our modern day, of specialization, with a common task and purpose. Their co-operation is indispensable, their warfare fatal. There can be no successful government without the intimate, instinctive co-ordination of the organs of life and action.<ref>[http://www.heritage.org/initiatives/first-principles/primary-sources/woodrow-wilson-asks-what-is-progress Woodrow Wilson Asks "What Is Progress?"]</ref></blockquote>
The reduction or elimination of the separation of powers is a necessary foundational component of the modern Administrative State.
===Frank Johnson Goodnow===
===Frank Johnson Goodnow===
* Waldo, Dwight. ''The Administrative State'' (1948)
* Waldo, Dwight. ''The Administrative State'' (1948)
* [[James Burnham|Burnham, James]]. ''The Managerial Revolution'' (1941)
* [[James Burnham|Burnham, James]]. ''The Managerial Revolution'' (1941)
* [[Woodrow Wilson|Wilson, Woodrow]]. ''The Study of Administration' (1887)
==See also==
==See also==