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'''Chi Cha'o-ting''' (1903–63) (New style: Ji Chaoding) was a Chinese [[Communist]] propagandist<ref>Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, [http://ia360611.us.archive.org/0/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations], S. Rpt. 2050, 82d Cong., 2d sess., Serial 11574, pursuant to S. Res. 306, (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 67; Gregory Lewis, "Bridging the Guomindang-Chinese Communist Party: Ji Chaoding in New York, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Beijing, 1933-1963," [http://www.umassd.edu/cas/history/cbh/history/fall01.pdf ''Zhongguo Shangye Shi'' (''Chinese Business History''), Vol. 11, No. 2 (Fall 2001)] ISSN 1090-834X, p. 1</ref> and intelligence agent<ref>Lifu Chen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MOT_axUIWooC The Storm Clouds Clear Over China: The Memoir of Chen Li-fu, 1900-1993]'' (Hoover Press, 1994) ISBN 0817992723, p. 181; Arthur Herman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=DIibZoDyADEC Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1999) ISBN 0684836254, p. 126</ref> active in the United States, who became a high-ranking official of the People's Republic of China.

'''Chi Cha'o-ting''' (1903–63) (New style: Ji Chaoding) was a Chinese [[Communist]] propagandist<ref>Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, [http://ia360611.us.archive.org/0/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations], S. Rpt. 2050, 82d Cong., 2d sess., Serial 11574, pursuant to S. Res. 306, (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 67; Gregory Lewis, "Bridging the Guomindang-Chinese Communist Party: Ji Chaoding in New York, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Beijing, 1933-1963," [http://www.umassd.edu/cas/history/cbh/history/fall01.pdf ''Zhongguo Shangye Shi'' (''Chinese Business History''), Vol. 11, No. 2 (Fall 2001)] ISSN 1090-834X, p. 1</ref> and intelligence agent<ref>Lifu Chen, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MOT_axUIWooC The Storm Clouds Clear Over China: The Memoir of Chen Li-fu, 1900-1993]'' (Hoover Press, 1994) ISBN 0817992723, p. 181; Arthur Herman, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DIibZoDyADEC Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1999) ISBN 0684836254, p. 126</ref> active in the United States, who became a high-ranking official of the People's Republic of China.

Chi left China for the U.S. in 1924 to study at the University of Chicago. In 1926, he became the first Chinese student to join the [[Communist Party of the United States]]. The following year, he traveled to Europe to attend the [[Comintern]]'s International Congress of Oppressed Peoples, continuing to Moscow, where he worked as a translator and served as a Chinese delegate to the Sixth Comintern Conference.<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r#PPA21,M1 The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), p. 21</ref>

Chi left China for the U.S. in 1924 to study at the University of Chicago. In 1926, he became the first Chinese student to join the [[Communist Party of the United States]]. The following year, he traveled to Europe to attend the [[Comintern]]'s International Congress of Oppressed Peoples, continuing to Moscow, where he worked as a translator and served as a Chinese delegate to the Sixth Comintern Conference.<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r#PPA21,M1 The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), p. 21</ref>

In 1929, Chi returned to the U.S. to pursue a graduate degree in economics at [[Columbia University]], where in the 1930s he became acquainted with [[Karl August Wittfogel]].<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r#PPA34,M1 The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), p. 34</ref> During this time, Chi was a guiding factor in the founding of the [[American Friends of the Chinese People]] (AFCP), according to an FBI source.<ref>FBI report: [http://cryptome.org/fbi-prc-spying.pdf  Potentialities of Chinese Communist Intelligence in the United States] (May 1954), p. 19 (PDF p. 26)</ref> He served as associate editor of the AFCP organ ''China Today'', wrote under various pseudonyms for Communist-connected periodicals including the ''Daily Worker'', ''China Today'', and ''Amerasia''.

In 1929, Chi returned to the U.S. to pursue a graduate degree in economics at [[Columbia University]], where in the 1930s he became acquainted with [[Karl August Wittfogel]].<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r#PPA34,M1 The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), p. 34</ref> During this time, Chi was a guiding factor in the founding of the [[American Friends of the Chinese People]] (AFCP), according to an FBI source.<ref>FBI report: [http://cryptome.org/fbi-prc-spying.pdf  Potentialities of Chinese Communist Intelligence in the United States] (May 1954), p. 19 (PDF p. 26)</ref> He served as associate editor of the AFCP organ ''China Today'', wrote under various pseudonyms for Communist-connected periodicals including the ''Daily Worker'', ''China Today'', and ''Amerasia''.

In 1938, American Communist<ref>Edward M. Collins, [http://books.google.com/books?id=YRa3Y2m_wrwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r#PPA56,M1 ''Myth, Manifesto, Meltdown: Communist Strategy, 1848-1991''] (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger/Greenwood, 1998) ISBN 0275959384, p. 55; Kai Bird and Svetlana Chervonnaya, “[http://www.theamericanscholar.org/su07/ales-bird.html The Mystery of Ales],” ''The American Scholar'', Summer 2007</ref> [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]] got Chi hired as a researcher at the [[Institute of Pacific Relations]] (IPR), an organization that would be described in a unanimous report of the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] as "a vehicle used by Communists to orientate American Far Eastern policy toward Communist objectives."<ref>Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, [http://ia360610.us.archive.org/0/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations] (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 225</ref> In a letter that year, the editor of the IPR's publication ''Pacific Affairs'', Owen Lattimore (who would be identified in a 1952 report of the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee as "a conscious, articulate instrument of the Soviet conspiracy"),<ref>[http://ia360610.us.archive.org/0/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf S. Rpt. 2050: Institute of Pacific Relations], 82d Cong., 2d sess., Serial 11574, Report of the Committee on the Judiciary Pursuant to S. Res. 366, 1952 (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1952), pp. 214-218 (PDF pp. 222-226)</ref> wrote to IPR General Secretary [[Edward C. Carter]] (President of the Board of Directors of the [[American Russian Institute]], listed by [[Attorney General of the United States]] [[Tom Clark|Thomas C. Clark]] on the [[Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations]] for 1948, in accordance with President [[Harry Truman|Truman]]'s [[Executive Order 9835]]), "I think that you are pretty cagey in turning over so much of the China section of the inquiry to Asiaticus, Han-seng and Chi. They will bring out the absolutely essential radical aspects, but can be depended on to do it with the right touch..."<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,856838,00.html The Right Touch]," ''Time'', August 6, 1951</ref> (“Asiaticus” was the Polish-born [[Comintern]] agent Moses Wolf Grzyb;<ref>Robert P. Newman, [http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft296nb15t&chunk.id=d0e11129&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e4718&brand=eschol ''Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China''] (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), ISBN 0-520-07388-6, p. 452</ref> “Han-seng” refers to [[Chen Han-seng]], a member of [[Richard Sorge]]’s Soviet spy ring in Tokyo).<ref>Maochen Yu, "[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF1AE.pdf Chen Hansheng's Memoirs and Chinese Communist Espionage]," ''Cold War International History Project Bulletin'', 6-7 (Winter 1995/1996), p. 274</ref> Chi was Chi Cha'o-ting.

In 1938, American Communist<ref>Edward M. Collins, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YRa3Y2m_wrwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r#PPA56,M1 ''Myth, Manifesto, Meltdown: Communist Strategy, 1848-1991''] (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger/Greenwood, 1998) ISBN 0275959384, p. 55; Kai Bird and Svetlana Chervonnaya, “[http://www.theamericanscholar.org/su07/ales-bird.html The Mystery of Ales],” ''The American Scholar'', Summer 2007</ref> [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]] got Chi hired as a researcher at the [[Institute of Pacific Relations]] (IPR), an organization that would be described in a unanimous report of the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] as "a vehicle used by Communists to orientate American Far Eastern policy toward Communist objectives."<ref>Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, [http://ia360610.us.archive.org/0/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations] (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 225</ref> In a letter that year, the editor of the IPR's publication ''Pacific Affairs'', Owen Lattimore (who would be identified in a 1952 report of the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee as "a conscious, articulate instrument of the Soviet conspiracy"),<ref>[http://ia360610.us.archive.org/0/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf S. Rpt. 2050: Institute of Pacific Relations], 82d Cong., 2d sess., Serial 11574, Report of the Committee on the Judiciary Pursuant to S. Res. 366, 1952 (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1952), pp. 214-218 (PDF pp. 222-226)</ref> wrote to IPR General Secretary [[Edward C. Carter]] (President of the Board of Directors of the [[American Russian Institute]], listed by [[Attorney General of the United States]] [[Tom Clark|Thomas C. Clark]] on the [[Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations]] for 1948, in accordance with President [[Harry Truman|Truman]]'s [[Executive Order 9835]]), "I think that you are pretty cagey in turning over so much of the China section of the inquiry to Asiaticus, Han-seng and Chi. They will bring out the absolutely essential radical aspects, but can be depended on to do it with the right touch..."<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,856838,00.html The Right Touch]," ''Time'', August 6, 1951</ref> (“Asiaticus” was the Polish-born [[Comintern]] agent Moses Wolf Grzyb;<ref>Robert P. Newman, [http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft296nb15t&chunk.id=d0e11129&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e4718&brand=eschol ''Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China''] (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), ISBN 0-520-07388-6, p. 452</ref> “Han-seng” refers to [[Chen Han-seng]], a member of [[Richard Sorge]]’s Soviet spy ring in Tokyo).<ref>Maochen Yu, "[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF1AE.pdf Chen Hansheng's Memoirs and Chinese Communist Espionage]," ''Cold War International History Project Bulletin'', 6-7 (Winter 1995/1996), p. 274</ref> Chi was Chi Cha'o-ting.

[[Philip Jaffe]], who in 1945 would plead guilty to "conspiracy to embezzle, steal and purloin" government property in the ''Amerasia'' case,<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,812633-3,00.html The Strange Case of Amerasia]," ''Time'', Monday, June 12, 1950</ref> said he was converted to Communism by Chi,<ref>Philip J. Jaffe, ''The Amerasia Case from 1945 to the Present'' (New York: Philip J. Jaffe, 1979), p. 1</ref> whom he judged "an exceptionally able propagandist for the cause of Chinese Communism."<ref>Philip J. Jaffe, ''The Amerasia Case from 1945 to the Present'' (New York: Philip J. Jaffe, 1979), p. 2</ref> American Communist [[Sidney Rittenberg]] (who was sent to China by the U.S. military in the 1940s and remained after the country fell to the Communists) concurred, describing Chi as “the best revolutionary propagandist of the lot,” who focused on making his English “smooth, appealing, and convincing to the Western reader.”<ref>Sidney Rittenberg and Amanda Bennett, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=_vTLJpWj-0wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22%27%27The+Man+Who+Stayed+Behind%22&sig=Q5cPux6I4-IK0xjw3mfAX991GAI#PPA253,M1 The Man Who Stayed Behind]'' (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2001), ISBN 0822326671, p. 253</ref>

[[Philip Jaffe]], who in 1945 would plead guilty to "conspiracy to embezzle, steal and purloin" government property in the ''Amerasia'' case,<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,812633-3,00.html The Strange Case of Amerasia]," ''Time'', Monday, June 12, 1950</ref> said he was converted to Communism by Chi,<ref>Philip J. Jaffe, ''The Amerasia Case from 1945 to the Present'' (New York: Philip J. Jaffe, 1979), p. 1</ref> whom he judged "an exceptionally able propagandist for the cause of Chinese Communism."<ref>Philip J. Jaffe, ''The Amerasia Case from 1945 to the Present'' (New York: Philip J. Jaffe, 1979), p. 2</ref> American Communist [[Sidney Rittenberg]] (who was sent to China by the U.S. military in the 1940s and remained after the country fell to the Communists) concurred, describing Chi as “the best revolutionary propagandist of the lot,” who focused on making his English “smooth, appealing, and convincing to the Western reader.”<ref>Sidney Rittenberg and Amanda Bennett, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_vTLJpWj-0wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22%27%27The+Man+Who+Stayed+Behind%22&sig=Q5cPux6I4-IK0xjw3mfAX991GAI#PPA253,M1 The Man Who Stayed Behind]'' (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2001), ISBN 0822326671, p. 253</ref>

Through the influence of U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Treasury [[Harry Dexter White]] (who was also a Soviet agent),<ref>[http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/venona.pdf FBI Memorandum: Ladd to Hoover, October 16, 1950 (PDF p. 16)]</ref> Chi secured an appointment as confidential secretary to China's Finance Minister H. H. Kung,<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), ISBN 0300077718, p. 140; John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''In Denial: Historians, Communism & Espionage'' (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2003), p. 289</ref> in which post "Chi no doubt exercised considerable influence over the KMT's disastrous monetary policy"<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), p. 22</ref> and "disrupted Chiang Kai-shek's regime from within."<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), ISBN 0300077718, p. 140</ref>

Through the influence of U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Treasury [[Harry Dexter White]] (who was also a Soviet agent),<ref>[http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/venona.pdf FBI Memorandum: Ladd to Hoover, October 16, 1950 (PDF p. 16)]</ref> Chi secured an appointment as confidential secretary to China's Finance Minister H. H. Kung,<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), ISBN 0300077718, p. 140; John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''In Denial: Historians, Communism & Espionage'' (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2003), p. 289</ref> in which post "Chi no doubt exercised considerable influence over the KMT's disastrous monetary policy"<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), p. 22</ref> and "disrupted Chiang Kai-shek's regime from within."<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), ISBN 0300077718, p. 140</ref>