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'''Pope Pius IX''' (May 13, 1792-February 7, 1878) - born '''Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti''' -  was the [[Pope]] and leader of the [[Catholic church]] from June 16, 1846 to February 7, 1878 the longest reign in Church history. He convened the [[First Vatican Council]], which declared the Pope was infallible under certain conditions.  He encouraged the rapid growth of religiosity among lay people, which strengthened the Church; he especially promoted devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus as symbol of love.  He fought every form of modern ideas inside the Church, especially through the [[Syllabus of Errors]] of 1864. Outside the Church he fought against [[secularism]] and helped the German Catholics defeat the [[Kulturkampf]].

'''Pope Pius IX''' (May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878) - born '''Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti''' -  was the [[Pope]] and leader of the [[Catholic church]] from June 16, 1846 to February 7, 1878 the longest reign in Church history. He convened the [[First Vatican Council]], which declared the Pope was infallible under certain conditions.  He encouraged the rapid growth of religiosity among lay people, which strengthened the Church; he especially promoted devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus as symbol of love.  He fought every form of modern ideas inside the Church, especially through the [[Syllabus of Errors]] of 1864. Outside the Church he fought against [[secularism]] and helped the German Catholics defeat the [[Kulturkampf]].

Pius IX was preceded by Pope Gregory XVI and succeeded by [[Pope Leo XIII]].

Pius IX was preceded by Pope Gregory XVI and succeeded by [[Pope Leo XIII]].

Scion of an aristocratic family, he studied theology in Rome and was ordained a priest in 1819.

Scion of an aristocratic family, he studied theology in Rome and was ordained a priest in 1819.

After serving as archbishop of Spoleto (1827-32) and of Imola (1832-46). He was elected pope in 1846 by the liberal cardinals, who promoted moderate political reforms, against the conservative cardinals who favored a continuance of absolutism in the temporal government of the Church.  As Pope he not only headed the Church, but also ruled the country in central Italy known as the Papal States, with Rome its capital.

After serving as archbishop of Spoleto (1827–32) and of Imola (1832-46). He was elected pope in 1846 by the liberal cardinals, who promoted moderate political reforms, against the conservative cardinals who favored a continuance of absolutism in the temporal government of the Church.  As Pope he not only headed the Church, but also ruled the country in central Italy known as the Papal States, with Rome its capital.

===Liberal Pope===

===Liberal Pope===

The new pope granted amnesties to political prisoners and exiles, and introduced political reforms into the Papal States. He began building railways and lighting the streets of Rome with gas. He designed an institute to modernize agricultural methods and upgrade rural education. He allowed some freedom to the press. He visited jails and began a program of prison reform and liberalized the criminal code. He simplified customs procedures. He excused Jews from the customary required attendance at Christian sermons. He created a Consulta of laymen chosen by indirect vote and presided over by a Cardinal--a small step toward democracy.  

The new pope granted amnesties to political prisoners and exiles, and introduced political reforms into the Papal States. He began building railways and lighting the streets of Rome with gas. He designed an institute to modernize agricultural methods and upgrade rural education. He allowed some freedom to the press. He visited jails and began a program of prison reform and liberalized the criminal code. He simplified customs procedures. He excused Jews from the customary required attendance at Christian sermons. He created a Consulta of laymen chosen by indirect vote and presided over by a Cardinal—a small step toward democracy.  

[[Metternich]], chancellor of Austria, and conservative cardinals, in particular secretary of state Cardinal Pasquale Gizzi (1787-1849), feared a popular uprising, but could not restrain the reforming pope. When the liberals asked him to send a military force to the north to fight against the Austrians who dominated northeastern Italy, Pius refused. Italian revolutionaries assassinated his premier in October 1848, and the pope fled to Naples. The revolutionaries set up the "Republic of Rome" and declared the temporal power of the Pope ended; the leading Italian revolutionaries, Mazzini and Garibaldi, rushed to Rome. Pius denounced the republic, forbade Catholics to cooperate with it, and called upon France, Austria, Spain, and Naples to restore Papal rule. France sent troops; they took possession of Rome, the republic collapsed, and Pius IX returned to the city in April 1850. Disillusioned with political liberalism, he decided to govern both the Papal States and the Church as absolute monarch

[[Metternich]], chancellor of Austria, and conservative cardinals, in particular secretary of state Cardinal Pasquale Gizzi (1787-1849), feared a popular uprising, but could not restrain the reforming pope. When the liberals asked him to send a military force to the north to fight against the Austrians who dominated northeastern Italy, Pius refused. Italian revolutionaries assassinated his premier in October 1848, and the pope fled to Naples. The revolutionaries set up the "Republic of Rome" and declared the temporal power of the Pope ended; the leading Italian revolutionaries, Mazzini and Garibaldi, rushed to Rome. Pius denounced the republic, forbade Catholics to cooperate with it, and called upon France, Austria, Spain, and Naples to restore Papal rule. France sent troops; they took possession of Rome, the republic collapsed, and Pius IX returned to the city in April 1850. Disillusioned with political liberalism, he decided to govern both the Papal States and the Church as absolute monarch

==Conservative==

==Conservative==

Pius now became a leader of the forces fighting liberal reform in Italy and Europe. With the collapse of the Revolution of 1848 in every major country, the conservatives were back in power and Pius agreed with them. One exception was the Kingdom of Sardinia (based in Piedmont, with its capital in Turin), where the anticlerical liberals under Count Cavour held sway. They closed most of the monasteries in Piedmont in 1854 and promoted Italian nationalism with the goal of unifying Italy--including the Papal States--under secular rule, and making Rome the capital.  

Pius now became a leader of the forces fighting liberal reform in Italy and Europe. With the collapse of the Revolution of 1848 in every major country, the conservatives were back in power and Pius agreed with them. One exception was the Kingdom of Sardinia (based in Piedmont, with its capital in Turin), where the anticlerical liberals under Count Cavour held sway. They closed most of the monasteries in Piedmont in 1854 and promoted Italian nationalism with the goal of unifying Italy—including the Papal States—under secular rule, and making Rome the capital.  

===Syllabus of Errors===

===Syllabus of Errors===

The pope's reaction was a sweeping denunciations of liberalism in general, culminating in his famous '''[[Syllabus of Errors]]''' in 1864. It condemned 80 propositions of the sort that liberals across Europe typically proclaimed.  

The pope's reaction was a sweeping denunciations of liberalism in general, culminating in his famous '''[[Syllabus of Errors]]''' in 1864. It condemned 80 propositions of the sort that liberals across Europe typically proclaimed.