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'''Los Angeles''' (from [[Spanish]] "Los Ángeles, meaning "The Angels", often called "'''L.A.'''" or "'''LA'''") is a city, a county and a metropolitan area in [[California]]. With a population of 3.8 million in the city and 9.9 million in the county, it is second only to New York. Los Angeles is a global city with a multi-ethnic population. The county in 2007 was 47% Hispanic, 29% white non-Hispanic, 13% Asian and 10% black.  Besides the many rich celebrities, there is a large working class population, so the average income of $53,500 is 10% below the state average.<ref>See [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/06037.html Quick Facts]</ref>   

'''Los Angeles''' (from [[Spanish]] "Los Ángeles, meaning "The Angels", often called "'''L.A.'''" or "'''LA'''") is a city, a county and a metropolitan area in [[California]]. With a population of 3.8 million in the city and 9.9 million in the county, it is second only to New York City. Los Angeles is a global city with a multi-ethnic population. The county in 2007 was 47% Hispanic, 29% white non-Hispanic, 13% Asian and 10% black.  Besides the many rich celebrities, there is a large working class population, so the average income of $53,500 is 10% below the state average.<ref>See [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/06037.html Quick Facts]</ref>   

The Mayor of Los Angeles is Antonio R. Villaraigosa,<ref>http://mayor.lacity.org/MeettheMayor/index.htm</ref> a liberal Democrat of [[Latino]] extraction, who was elected in 2005.

The current Mayor of Los Angeles is Eric Michael Garcetti,<ref>http://mayor.lacity.org/MeettheMayor/index.htm</ref> a liberal Democrat who was elected in 2013 as the city's first [[Jewish]] mayor and reelected in 2017 .

The highly diversified economy is most famous for the entertainment industry centered around [[Hollywood]], with films, television and music production of major importance. Tourism is a major industry.  Many major aerospace firms are there too, like Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, and Howard Hawks Aviation. Beaches line the coast along the Santa Monica bay and include the famous neighborhoods of Malibu beach to the north, and Venice Beach. The twin ports of Los Angeles and [[Long Beach]] make up the largest port on the west Coast, larger even than Seattle or San Diego. Los Angeles has one of the country's largest manufacturing  sectors, with the textile industry being highly prominent. Several oil refineries lie along the southern basin of the county, with refineries in Torrance, Carson, and Wilmington. The region became rich with farming—especially citrus production—a century ago.

The highly diversified economy is most famous for the entertainment industry centered around [[Hollywood]], with films, television and music production of major importance. Tourism is a major industry.  Many major aerospace firms are there too, like Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, and Howard Hawks Aviation. Beaches line the coast along the Santa Monica bay and include the famous neighborhoods of Malibu beach to the north, and Venice Beach. The twin ports of Los Angeles and [[Long Beach]] make up the largest port on the west Coast, larger even than Seattle or San Diego. Los Angeles has one of the country's largest manufacturing  sectors, with the textile industry being highly prominent. Several oil refineries lie along the southern basin of the county, with refineries in Torrance, Carson, and Wilmington. The region became rich with farming—especially citrus production—a century ago.

Angeles Games.'' (1988). 101 pp.</ref>  expenditures. The 23d Olympiad in 1984 was a huge publicity and financial success, and it came away with a $225 million profit, thanks to the leadership of Peter Ueberroth.

Angeles Games.'' (1988). 101 pp.</ref>  expenditures. The 23d Olympiad in 1984 was a huge publicity and financial success, and it came away with a $225 million profit, thanks to the leadership of Peter Ueberroth.

Although never devastated like San Francisco was in 1905,<ref>The worst recent earthquake hit Northridge in 1994.</ref> LA is fascinated and fearful of disasters—especially earthquakes, as well as fires, mudslides and riots.<ref>Mike Davis, ''Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster.'' (1998). 484 pp.</ref>[[Image:Sunset-limited.jpg|thumb|270px|The Southern Pacific promoted its "Sunset Limited" express train for tourists; [[Amtrak]] now operates it; this poster dates from 1900]]

Although never as devastated like San Francisco was in 1905,<ref>The worst recent earthquake hit Northridge in 1994.</ref> Los Angeles is fascinated and fearful of disasters—especially earthquakes, as well as fires and mudslides.<ref>Mike Davis, ''Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster.'' (1998). 484 pp.</ref>[[Image:Sunset-limited.jpg|thumb|270px|The Southern Pacific promoted its "Sunset Limited" express train for tourists; [[Amtrak]] now operates it; this poster dates from 1900]]

==History==

==History==

===Americanized===

===Americanized===

When California came under American rule in 1846, the population of Los Angeles comprised about 300 Latino families and a few Anglo merchants. The city began growing when Henry Huntington's [[Southern Pacific]] railroad, subsidized by local government, opened lines to San Francisco in 1876 and through Arizona and Texas to the eastern U.S. in 1883.<ref>Richard J. Orsi, ''Sunset Limited: The Southern Pacific Railroad and the Development of the American West, 1880-1930'' (2005)</ref>

When California came under American rule in 1846, the population of Los Angeles comprised about 300 Latino families and a few Anglo merchants. In 1869, the city formed its own [[police]] force, the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] ([[LAPD]]), who is/has been the subject of many [[motion pictures]], [[television]] programs, [[news]] stories and [[novels]]. The city began growing when Henry Huntington's [[Southern Pacific]] railroad, subsidized by local government, opened lines to San Francisco in 1876 and through Arizona and Texas to the eastern U.S. in 1883.<ref>Richard J. Orsi, ''Sunset Limited: The Southern Pacific Railroad and the Development of the American West, 1880-1930'' (2005)</ref>

After a decade of prosperity, the cattle industry collapsed after the drought of 1862-63 ruining the landowners. The Californios—fewer than 2000 people—faded into obscurity, losing their ranches through bankruptcy and court cases.  The old Spanish-Mexican culture faded, but reappeared in 20th century mission-style architecture. For a time the small town endured a reputation for lawlessness and vigilantism. Promotion of the region's agricultural potential brought newcomers—Yankees and Midwesterners.  The boom came in 1886-88, sparked by a rate war between the Southern Pacific and the Sante Fe railroads that caused a land boom; by 1890 the city's population reached 50,000. The 1890s saw extensive advertising of the region's climate and opportunities to the rest of the United States, along with congressional approval of the development of key harbor facilities at San Pedro. The first suburbs appeared in Compton (1869) and Pasadena (1875)--part of LA County but entirely separate from the city of Los Angeles.  By 1900 Los Angeles had been transformed into a substantially Protestant, midsized growth center, boosted as a land of opportunity for  Americans, especially Midwesterners.  As soon as they arrived they formed Iowa clubs and Illinois clubs to remember their roots.<ref>Leonard Pitt, "The Midwesternization of a Cowtown" ''California History'' 1981 60(1): 28-49. 0162-2897</ref>

After a decade of prosperity, the cattle industry collapsed after the drought of 1862-63 ruining the landowners. The Californios—fewer than 2000 people—faded into obscurity, losing their ranches through bankruptcy and court cases.  The old Spanish-Mexican culture faded, but reappeared in 20th century mission-style architecture. For a time the small town endured a reputation for lawlessness and vigilantism. Promotion of the region's agricultural potential brought newcomers—Yankees and Midwesterners.  The boom came in 1886-88, sparked by a rate war between the Southern Pacific and the Sante Fe railroads that caused a land boom; by 1890 the city's population reached 50,000. The 1890s saw extensive advertising of the region's climate and opportunities to the rest of the United States, along with congressional approval of the development of key harbor facilities at San Pedro. The first suburbs appeared in Compton (1869) and Pasadena (1875)--part of LA County but entirely separate from the city of Los Angeles.  By 1900 Los Angeles had been transformed into a substantially Protestant, midsized growth center, boosted as a land of opportunity for  Americans, especially Midwesterners.  As soon as they arrived they formed Iowa clubs and Illinois clubs to remember their roots.<ref>Leonard Pitt, "The Midwesternization of a Cowtown" ''California History'' 1981 60(1): 28-49. 0162-2897</ref>