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Their position is not only opposed by [[apostolic tradition]] but also by all [[Exegesis|biblical exegetes]] and [[Historical-critical method (Higher criticism)|textual critics]] who point out that the Hebrew/Aramiac Old Testament and Greek New Testament manuscripts do not witness to annihilation of the wicked, but to their utter ruin instead, a ''conscious'' ruin of suffering and torment from which they cannot recover or escape.<ref>[https://www.whatchristianswanttoknow.com/is-annihilationism-biblical/ What Christians Want To Know - Is Annihilationism Biblical? ''by'' Jack Wellman (whatchristianswanttoknow.com)]</ref> For example,  

Their position is not only opposed by [[apostolic tradition]] but also by all [[Exegesis|biblical exegetes]] and [[Historical-critical method (Higher criticism)|textual critics]] who point out that the Hebrew/Aramiac Old Testament and Greek New Testament manuscripts do not witness to annihilation of the wicked, but to their utter ruin instead, a ''conscious'' ruin of suffering and torment from which they cannot recover or escape.<ref>[https://www.whatchristianswanttoknow.com/is-annihilationism-biblical/ What Christians Want To Know - Is Annihilationism Biblical? ''by'' Jack Wellman (whatchristianswanttoknow.com)]</ref> For example,  

*in the Old Testament [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+145%3A20&version=KJV "all the wicked will he destroy (desolate שמד ''shamad'')" Psalm 145:20 '''שמד''' ''shamad''.]<br> See [http://biblehub.com/hebrew/8045.htm Strong's number ''8045''. '''שמד''' ''shamad'' to desolate, bring to nought, overthrow, throw down, crush, consume.]

*in the Old Testament [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+145%3A20&version=KJV "all the wicked will he destroy (desolate '''שמד''' ''shamad'')" Psalm 145:20 '''שמד''' ''shamad''.]<br> See [http://biblehub.com/hebrew/8045.htm Strong's number ''8045''. '''שמד''' ''shamad'' to desolate, bring to nought, overthrow, throw down, crush, consume.]

*in the New Testament [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Thessalonians+1%3A9&version=KJV "destruction (ruin ὄλεθρον)" 2&nbsp;Thessalonians 1:9 '''ὄλεθρον''' ''olethron''.]<br> See [http://biblehub.com/greek/3639.htm Strong's number ''3639''. '''ὄλεθρος''' ''olethros'' ruin, doom, destruction, death.]<br>This word ólethros ("ruination") does not imply "extinction" (annihilation). It emphasizes the consequent loss that goes with complete "undoing." See [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/2_thessalonians/1-9.htm multiple commentaries on 2&nbsp;Thessalonians 1:9]

*in the New Testament [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Thessalonians+1%3A9&version=KJV "destruction (ruin ὄλεθρον)" 2&nbsp;Thessalonians 1:9 '''ὄλεθρον''' ''olethron''.]<br> See [http://biblehub.com/greek/3639.htm Strong's number ''3639''. '''ὄλεθρος''' ''olethros'' ruin, doom, destruction, death.]<br>This word ólethros ("ruination") does not imply "extinction" (annihilation). It emphasizes the consequent loss that goes with complete "undoing." See [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/2_thessalonians/1-9.htm multiple commentaries on 2&nbsp;Thessalonians 1:9]

Ezekiel 18:20-32 clearly says "the soul that sinneth, it shall die (מות ''mooth'')" and also says that iniquity is "ruin" (מכשול ''mikshowl''), not annihilation. This word translated as "die (מות ''mooth'')" is the same word in Genesis 2:17 "in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die (מות ''mooth'')."<ref>See Strong's numbers [http://biblehub.com/hebrew/4191.htm 4191 '''מות''' ''mooth''] and [http://biblehub.com/hebrew/4383.htm 4383 '''מכשול''' ''mikshowl''].</ref> Adam and Eve did die that very day, not physically, but they did die and were dead that very same day, even while their bodies remained alive for a long while afterward, and while they were dead they suffered from that day forward, before they finally turned to dust (Genesis 2:17; 3:19).

Ezekiel 18:20-32 clearly says "the soul that sinneth, it shall die ('''מות''' ''mooth'')" and also says that iniquity is "ruin" ('''מכשול''' ''mikshowl''), not annihilation. This word translated as "die ('''מות''' ''mooth'')" is the same word in Genesis 2:17 "in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die ('''מות''' ''mooth'')."<ref>See Strong's numbers [http://biblehub.com/hebrew/4191.htm 4191 '''מות''' ''mooth''] and [http://biblehub.com/hebrew/4383.htm 4383 '''מכשול''' ''mikshowl''].</ref> Adam and Eve did die that very day, not physically, but they did die and were dead that very same day, even while their bodies remained alive for a long while afterward, and while they were dead they suffered from that day forward, before they finally turned to dust (Genesis 2:17; 3:19).

In the New Testament, the [[Prodigal Son]] was dead and lost when he departed and was absent and away from his father and brother, "For this my son was dead, and is alive again; he was lost, and is found." [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/luke/15-24.htm Luke 15:24]. The rich man who died and saw the dead Lazarus in the bosom of Abraham was not annihilated, and he was still conscious as he suffered torment in the flame of hell ([http://biblehub.com/commentaries/luke/16-23.htm Luke 16:23]) "for I am in anguish in this flame" (Luke 16:24). Souls that are completely "dead (νέκρούς ''nekrous'') in trespasses and sins" ([http://biblehub.com/commentaries/ephesians/2-1.htm Ephesians 2:1]; [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/colossians/2-13.htm Colossians 2:13]), and are not "written in the book of life",  will experience torment in the lake of fire, "which is the second death ('''θάντος''' ''thanatos'')" (Revelation 20:10, 14-15) and "shall be tormented in the presence of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb: And the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever: and they shall have no rest day nor night", "and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever", "And whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire" (Revelation 14:10-11; 20:10, 14-15) "into hell, into the fire that never shall be quenched: Where their worm dieth not, and their fire is not extinguished" (Mark 9:43-44, 46, 48).<ref>See Strong's numbers [http://biblehub.com/greek/3498.htm ''3498'']; [http://biblehub.com/greek/3499.htm ''3499'']; [http://biblehub.com/greek/3500.htm ''3500'']; [http://biblehub.com/greek/2288.htm ''2288''].</ref> Clearly their souls are dead (Ezekiel 18:20) and destroyed (Psalm 145:20), but dead souls (Genesis 2:17) that are utterly ruined (destroyed) can experience torment (Genesis 2:19; Luke 16:23), so therefore, ''according to the Bible'', they are not annihilated, neither immediately after death nor after the final judgment of being cast into the "everlasting punishment" (Matthew 25:46) of torment in the lake of fire.  

In the New Testament, the [[Prodigal Son]] was dead and lost when he departed and was absent and away from his father and brother, "For this my son was dead, and is alive again; he was lost, and is found." [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/luke/15-24.htm Luke 15:24]. The rich man who died and saw the dead Lazarus in the bosom of Abraham and spoke to Abraham was not annihilated, and he was still conscious as he suffered torment in the flame of hell ([http://biblehub.com/commentaries/luke/16-23.htm Luke 16:23]) "for I am in anguish in this flame" (Luke 16:24). Souls that are completely "dead ('''νέκρούς''' ''nekrous'') in trespasses and sins" ([http://biblehub.com/commentaries/ephesians/2-1.htm Ephesians 2:1]; [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/colossians/2-13.htm Colossians 2:13]), and are not "written in the book of life",  will experience torment in the lake of fire, "which is the second death ('''θάντος''' ''thanatos'')" (Revelation 20:10, 14-15) and  

:"shall be tormented in the presence of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb: And the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever: and they shall have no rest day nor night", "and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever", "And whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire" (Revelation 14:10-11; 20:10, 14-15) "into hell, into the fire that never shall be quenched: Where their worm dieth not, and their fire is not extinguished" (Mark 9:43-44, 46, 48).<ref>See Strong's numbers [http://biblehub.com/greek/3498.htm ''3498'']; [http://biblehub.com/greek/3499.htm ''3499'']; [http://biblehub.com/greek/3500.htm ''3500'']; [http://biblehub.com/greek/2288.htm ''2288''].</ref>  

Clearly their souls are dead (Ezekiel 18:20) and destroyed (Psalm 145:20), but dead souls (Genesis 2:17) that are utterly ruined (destroyed) can experience torment (Genesis 2:19; Luke 16:23), so therefore, ''according to the Bible'', they are not annihilated, neither immediately after death nor after the final judgment of being cast into the "everlasting punishment" (Matthew 25:46) of torment in the lake of fire.  

Compare [http://biblehub.com/interlinear/1_thessalonians/5-3.htm 1 Thessalonians 5:3 '''ὄλεθρος''' ''olethros'' ruin, doom, destruction, death] and [https://biblehub.com/1_thessalonians/5-3.htm multiple versions of 1&nbsp;Thessalonians 5:3];

Compare [http://biblehub.com/interlinear/1_thessalonians/5-3.htm 1 Thessalonians 5:3 '''ὄλεθρος''' ''olethros'' ruin, doom, destruction, death] and [https://biblehub.com/1_thessalonians/5-3.htm multiple versions of 1&nbsp;Thessalonians 5:3];

also [http://biblehub.com/interlinear/1_timothy/6-9.htm 1 Timothy 6:9 '''ὄλεθρος''' ''olethros'' ruin, doom, destruction, death] and [https://biblehub.com/1_timothy/6-9.htm multiple versions of 1&nbsp;Timothy 6:9].  

also [http://biblehub.com/interlinear/1_timothy/6-9.htm 1 Timothy 6:9 '''ὄλεθρος''' ''olethros'' ruin, doom, destruction, death] and [https://biblehub.com/1_timothy/6-9.htm multiple versions of 1&nbsp;Timothy 6:9].  

The words "annihilate" and "annihilated" are not found in the [[King James Bible]], nor are the words "extinguish", "extinguished", "extinct". However, "annihilated" does appear fifty times in seven other translations.<ref>[https://bible.knowing-jesus.com/words/Annihilated ‘Annihilated’ in the Bible - 50 times in 7 translations (bible.knowing-jesus.com)]</ref> See the section "[[Infant baptism#Universalists|Universalists]]" below.

The words "annihilate" and "annihilated" are not found in the [[King James Bible]], nor are the words "extinguish", "extinguished", "extinct". However, "annihilated" does appear fifty times in seven other translations, generally with the meaning of "ruined, useless", as seen from the context.<ref>[https://bible.knowing-jesus.com/words/Annihilated ‘Annihilated’ in the Bible - 50 times in 7 translations (bible.knowing-jesus.com)]</ref> See the section "[[Infant baptism#Universalists|Universalists]]" below.

If an infant is not baptized, "Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man ('''τις''' ''tis'' "anyone") be born of water and ''of'' the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God." [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/john/3-5.htm John 3:5 KJV.]

If an infant is not baptized, "Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man ([http://biblehub.com/greek/5100.htm '''τις''' ''tis'' "anyone"]) be born of water and ''of'' the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God." [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/john/3-5.htm John 3:5 KJV.]

==Baptism for the dead==

==Baptism for the dead==