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[[File:Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg|left|300px|thumb|A cartoon threatening that the that Democrat donkey and KKK will [[lynch]] scalawags (left) and [[carpetbagger]]s (right) on March 4, 1869, the day President Grant takes office. Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Independent Monitor, September 1, 1868. A full-scale scholarly history analyzes the cartoonː Guy W. Hubbs, Searching for Freedom after the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawag, and Freedman (2015).<ref>Hubbs, Guy W. (May 15, 2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=KIVoCQAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s "Searching for Freedom after the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawag, and Freedman"]. University Alabama Press.</ref>]]

[[File:Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg|left|300px|thumb|A cartoon threatening that the that Democrat donkey and KKK will [[lynch]] scalawags (left) and [[carpetbagger]]s (right) on March 4, 1869, the day President Grant takes office. Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Independent Monitor, September 1, 1868. A full-scale scholarly history analyzes the cartoonː Guy W. Hubbs, Searching for Freedom after the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawag, and Freedman (2015).<ref>Hubbs, Guy W. (May 15, 2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=KIVoCQAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s "Searching for Freedom after the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawag, and Freedman"]. University Alabama Press.</ref>]]

In 1872 Congress held hearings on the Klan.  Democrat leaders from Democrat States admitted under oath unequivocally that the Klan belonged to the Democrat party and their propose was to restore control in Southern states to the Democratic party.  The Congressional Hearings make up 13 volumes.  Black congressmen John Roy Lynch and Richard Cain went to Congress armed for fear of Klan attacks.  Blacks testified that they instructed by the Klan and Democrats that, if they would stop voting the Republican ticket and would agree to vote the straight Democrat ticket, all the violence against Blacks would stop.

In 1872 Congress held hearings on the Klan.  Democrat leaders from Democrat States admitted under oath unequivocally that the Klan belonged to the Democrat party and their propose was to restore control in Southern states to the Democratic party.  The Congressional Hearings make up 13 volumes.  Black congressmen John Roy Lynch and Richard Cain went to Congress armed for fear of Klan attacks.  Blacks testified that they instructed by the Klan and Democrats that, if they would stop voting the Republican ticket and would agree to vote the straight Democrat ticket, all the violence against Blacks would stop.

 

The Coushatta massacre of 1874 was the result of an attack by the White League, a [[paramilitary]] organization composed of Democrats, on Republican officeholders and African Americans in Red River Parish, [[Louisiana]].  They murdered six white Republicans and 20 Blacks who were witnesses.<ref>[http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2004-01/reconstruction.html Danielle Alexander, "Forty Acres and a Mule: The Ruined Hope of Reconstruction", ''Humanities'', January/February 2004, Vol.25/No.1.  Her article says 20 freedmen were killed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916095443/http://neh.gov/news/humanities/2004-01/reconstruction.html |date=2008-09-16 }}</ref><ref>Nicholas Lemann, ''Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War'', New York, [[Farrar, Straus & Giroux]], 2006, p.76-77.  His book says five freedmen were killed.</ref>

The Coushatta massacre of 1874 was the result of an attack by the White League, a [[paramilitary]] organization composed of Democrats, on Republican officeholders and African Americans in Red River Parish, [[Louisiana]].  They murdered six white Republicans and 20 Blacks who were witnesses.<ref>[http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2004-01/reconstruction.html Danielle Alexander, "Forty Acres and a Mule: The Ruined Hope of Reconstruction", ''Humanities'', January/February 2004, Vol.25/No.1.  Her article says 20 freedmen were killed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916095443/http://neh.gov/news/humanities/2004-01/reconstruction.html |date=2008-09-16 }}</ref><ref>Nicholas Lemann, ''Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War'', New York, [[Farrar, Straus & Giroux]], 2006, p.76-77.  His book says five freedmen were killed.</ref>

The White League had organized to restore [[white supremacy]] by driving Republicans out of Louisiana, disrupting their political organizing, and intimidating or murdering [[freedmen]].<ref>Eric Foner, ''Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877'', New York: Perennial  Classics, 2002, p.550</ref>  Like the Red Shirts and other "White Line" organizations, they were described as "the military arm of the Democratic Party."

The White League had organized to restore [[white supremacy]] by driving Republicans out of Louisiana, disrupting their political organizing, and intimidating or murdering [[freedmen]].<ref>Eric Foner, ''Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877'', New York: Perennial  Classics, 2002, p.550</ref>  Like the Red Shirts and other "White Line" organizations, they were described as "the military arm of the Democratic Party."

 

On election day, November 3, 1874, an [[Alabama]] chapter of the White League repeated actions taken earlier that year in Vicksburg, Mississippi. They invaded Eufaula AL, killing at least seven black Republicans, injuring at least 70 more, and driving off more than 1,000 unarmed Republicans from the polls.<ref>Mary Ellen Curtin, ''Black Prisoners and Their World, Alabama, 1865-1900,'' University Press of Virginia, 2000, p. 55</ref> The group moved on to Spring Hill AL, where members stormed the polling place, destroying the ballot box, and killing the 16-year-old son of a white Republican judge in their shooting.<ref>Curtin (2000), ''Black Prisoners'', pp. 55-56.</ref>

On election day, November 3, 1874, an [[Alabama]] chapter of the White League repeated actions taken earlier that year in Vicksburg, Mississippi. They invaded Eufaula AL, killing at least seven black Republicans, injuring at least 70 more, and driving off more than 1,000 unarmed Republicans from the polls.<ref>Mary Ellen Curtin, ''Black Prisoners and Their World, Alabama, 1865-1900,'' University Press of Virginia, 2000, p. 55</ref> The group moved on to Spring Hill AL, where members stormed the polling place, destroying the ballot box, and killing the 16-year-old son of a white Republican judge in their shooting.<ref>Curtin (2000), ''Black Prisoners'', pp. 55-56.</ref>