Changes

[[Conservative]]s in the rival [[Stalwart]] faction called them "Half-Breeds"<ref name=georgefrisbiehoar>Welch, Robert E., Jr. (1971). [https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674436787 George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans], pp. 2–3. ''Harvard University Press''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref> because they advocated allowing former [[Confederate]] rebels into the civil service and did little to combat the Democrats' [[voter suppression]] of [[African American]] [[civil rights]]. They were considered only "half Republican"<ref>[https://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h722.html Stalwarts and Half-Breeds]. ''U-S-History.com''. Retrieved November 22, 2021.</ref> (an equivalent to the contemporary term [[Republican in Name Only]], or [[RINO]]) due to having helped facilitate the Democratic Party's take over of [[the South]] at the end of [[Reconstruction]].<ref name=vox/> However, not all of them wavered on the specific issue of civil rights; Half-Breed leader [[George F. Hoar]], a strong conservative in particular, was a leading advocate of the Federal Elections of 1890 introduced by [[Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr.]]<ref>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', pp. 145–54.</ref> Another Half-Breed, [[Henry W. Blair]], pushed for additional federal funding of education to relieve illiteracy among former slaves.<ref>Wilder, Bert (October 10, 1891). [https://www.harpweek.com/09cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Month=October&Date=10 “Blair, the White Elephant of the Administration”]. ''HarpWeek''. Retrieved November 26, 2021.</ref>

[[Conservative]]s in the rival [[Stalwart]] faction called them "Half-Breeds"<ref name=georgefrisbiehoar>Welch, Robert E., Jr. (1971). [https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674436787 George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans], pp. 2–3. ''Harvard University Press''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref> because they advocated allowing former [[Confederate]] rebels into the civil service and did little to combat the Democrats' [[voter suppression]] of [[African American]] [[civil rights]]. They were considered only "half Republican"<ref>[https://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h722.html Stalwarts and Half-Breeds]. ''U-S-History.com''. Retrieved November 22, 2021.</ref> (an equivalent to the contemporary term [[Republican in Name Only]], or [[RINO]]) due to having helped facilitate the Democratic Party's take over of [[the South]] at the end of [[Reconstruction]].<ref name=vox/> However, not all of them wavered on the specific issue of civil rights; Half-Breed leader [[George F. Hoar]], a strong conservative in particular, was a leading advocate of the Federal Elections of 1890 introduced by [[Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr.]]<ref>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', pp. 145–54.</ref> Another Half-Breed, [[Henry W. Blair]], pushed for additional federal funding of education to relieve illiteracy among former slaves.<ref>Wilder, Bert (October 10, 1891). [https://www.harpweek.com/09cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Month=October&Date=10 “Blair, the White Elephant of the Administration”]. ''HarpWeek''. Retrieved November 26, 2021.</ref>

The Half-Breeds were later led by [[corrupt]] [[U.S. Senator]] [[James G. Blaine]] of [[Maine]], whose political inclinations in the 1870s aligned more with the Stalwarts on the issue of patronage.<ref name=p.91>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', p. 91.</ref> The group's main achievement was the passage of the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] of 1884, which led to the creation of the [[bureaucratic]] [[Deep State]].<ref>Earle, Peter C. (November 14, 2019). [https://www.aier.org/article/the-birth-of-the-deep-state-a-history/ The Birth of the Deep State: A History]. ''American Institute for Economic Research''.</ref> Under the Pendleton Act, [[racist]] civil servants were no longer dependent on the [[patronage]] of an elected Democrat official, and were protected from firing when Democrats were voted out of office.

The Half-Breeds were later led by [[corrupt]] [[U.S. Senator]] [[James G. Blaine]] of [[Maine]], whose political inclinations in the 1870s aligned more with the Stalwarts on the issue of patronage.<ref name=p.91>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', p. 91.</ref> The group's main achievement was the passage of the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] of 1884, which led to the creation of the [[bureaucratic]] [[Deep State]].<ref name=deepstateroots>Earle, Peter C. (November 14, 2019). [https://www.aier.org/article/the-birth-of-the-deep-state-a-history/ The Birth of the Deep State: A History]. ''American Institute for Economic Research''.</ref> Under the Pendleton Act, [[racist]] civil servants were no longer dependent on the [[patronage]] of an elected Democrat official, and were protected from firing when Democrats were voted out of office.

The early Half-Breed leaders were [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] and [[George Frisbie Hoar]], and other members included [[James A. Garfield]] as well as [[William H. Robertson]]. Hoar was among the earliest members of the faction, and his membership was attributed to his sharp disdain towards corruption, evident in his stated reasoning when advocating for impeaching Grant Administration [[Secretary of War]] William W. Belknap.<ref>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', pp. 53–54.</ref>

The early Half-Breed leaders were [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] and [[George Frisbie Hoar]], and other members included [[James A. Garfield]] as well as [[William H. Robertson]]. Hoar was among the earliest members of the faction, and his membership was attributed to his sharp disdain towards corruption, evident in his stated reasoning when advocating for impeaching Grant Administration [[Secretary of War]] William W. Belknap.<ref>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', pp. 53–54.</ref>