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'''Half-Breed''' was a pejorative term designated for the more [[moderate]] wing of the [[Republican Party]] from 1877–84 that pushed for a certain degree of civil service reform. A [[civil service system]] in [[the South]] would effectively bar black Americans from government jobs and stifle economic mobility.<ref name=vox>Matthews, Dylan (July 20, 2016). [https://www.vox.com/2016/7/20/12233454/christie-trump-purge-federal-employees Donald Trump and Chris Christie are reportedly planning to purge the civil service]. ''Vox''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref>

'''Half-Breed''' was a pejorative term designated for the more [[moderate]] wing of the [[Republican Party]] from 1877–84 that pushed for a certain degree of civil service reform. A [[civil service system]] in [[the South]] would effectively bar black Americans from government jobs and stifle economic mobility.<ref name=vox>Matthews, Dylan (July 20, 2016). [https://www.vox.com/2016/7/20/12233454/christie-trump-purge-federal-employees Donald Trump and Chris Christie are reportedly planning to purge the civil service]. ''Vox''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref>

In the rival [[Stalwart]] faction, [[conservatives]] called them "Half-Breeds"<ref name=georgefrisbiehoar>Welch, Robert E., Jr. (1971). [https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674436787 George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans], pp. 2–3. ''Harvard University Press''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref> because they advocated allowing former [[Confederate]] rebels into the civil service and did little to combat the Democrats' [[voter suppression]] of [[African American]] [[civil rights]]. They were considered only "half Republican"<ref>[https://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h722.html Stalwarts and Half-Breeds]. ''U-S-History.com''. Retrieved November 22, 2021.</ref> (an equivalent to the contemporary term [[Republican in Name Only]], or [[RINO]]) due to having helped facilitate the Democratic Party's take over of [[the South]] at the end of [[Reconstruction]].<ref name=vox/> However, not all of them wavered on the specific issue of civil rights; Half-Breed leader [[George F. Hoar]], a strong conservative in particular, was a leading advocate of the Federal Elections of 1890 introduced by [[Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr.]]<ref>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', pp. 145–54.</ref> Another Half-Breed, [[Henry W. Blair]], pushed for additional federal funding of education to relieve illiteracy among former slaves.<ref>Wilder, Bert (October 10, 1891). [https://www.harpweek.com/09cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Month=October&Date=10 “Blair, the White Elephant of the Administration”]. ''HarpWeek''. Retrieved November 26, 2021.</ref>

In the rival [[Stalwart]] faction, [[conservatives]] called them "Half-Breeds"<ref name=georgefrisbiehoar>Welch, Robert E., Jr. (1971). [https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674436787 George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans], pp. 2–3. ''Harvard University Press''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref> because they advocated allowing former [[Confederate]] rebels into the civil service and did little to combat the Democrats' [[voter suppression]] of [[African American]] [[civil rights]]. They were considered only "half Republican"<ref>[https://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h722.html Stalwarts and Half-Breeds]. ''U-S-History.com''. Retrieved November 22, 2021.</ref> (or "half-hearted Republican,"<ref>Ward, Benjamin. [https://vermonthistory.org/journal/87/VH8702DownfallOfEdmunds.pdf ''The Downfall of Senator George F. Edmunds: The Election of 1884''], p. 128. ''Vermont History''. Retrieved December 5, 2021.</ref> an equivalent to the contemporary term [[Republican in Name Only]], or [[RINO]]) due to having helped facilitate the Democratic Party's take over of [[the South]] at the end of [[Reconstruction]].<ref name=vox/> However, not all of them wavered on the specific issue of civil rights; Half-Breed leader [[George F. Hoar]], a strong conservative in particular, was a leading advocate of the Federal Elections of 1890 introduced by [[Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr.]]<ref>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', pp. 145–54.</ref> Another Half-Breed, [[Henry W. Blair]], pushed for additional federal funding of education to relieve illiteracy among former slaves.<ref>Wilder, Bert (October 10, 1891). [https://www.harpweek.com/09cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Month=October&Date=10 “Blair, the White Elephant of the Administration”]. ''HarpWeek''. Retrieved November 26, 2021.</ref>

The Half-Breeds were later led in 1880 by [[corrupt]] [[U.S. Senator]] [[James G. Blaine]] of [[Maine]], whose political inclinations aligned more with the Stalwarts on the issue of patronage particularly in the 1870s.<ref name=p.91>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', p. 91.</ref> The group's main achievement was the passage of the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] of 1884, which led to the creation of the [[bureaucratic]] [[Deep State]].<ref name=deepstateroots>Earle, Peter C. (November 14, 2019). [https://www.aier.org/article/the-birth-of-the-deep-state-a-history/ The Birth of the Deep State: A History]. ''American Institute for Economic Research''.</ref> Under the Pendleton Act, [[racist]] civil servants were no longer dependent on the [[patronage]] of an elected Democrat official, and were protected from firing when Democrats were voted out of office.

The Half-Breeds were later led in 1880 by [[corrupt]] [[U.S. Senator]] [[James G. Blaine]] of [[Maine]], whose political inclinations aligned more with the Stalwarts on the issue of patronage particularly in the 1870s.<ref name=p.91>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', p. 91.</ref> The group's main achievement was the passage of the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] of 1884, which led to the creation of the [[bureaucratic]] [[Deep State]].<ref name=deepstateroots>Earle, Peter C. (November 14, 2019). [https://www.aier.org/article/the-birth-of-the-deep-state-a-history/ The Birth of the Deep State: A History]. ''American Institute for Economic Research''.</ref> Under the Pendleton Act, [[racist]] civil servants were no longer dependent on the [[patronage]] of an elected Democrat official, and were protected from firing when Democrats were voted out of office.