Changes

==Government and Political Conditions==

==Government and Political Conditions==

Argentina's constitution of 1853, as revised in 1994, mandates a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches at the national and provincial level. Each province also has its own constitution, roughly mirroring the structure of the national constitution. The president and vice president are directly elected to 4-year terms. Both are limited to two consecutive terms; they are allowed to stand for a third term or more after an interval of at least one term. The president appoints cabinet ministers, and the constitution grants him considerable power, including authority to enact laws by presidential decree under conditions of "urgency and necessity" and the line-item veto.  

Argentina's constitution of 1853, as revised in 1994, mandates a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches at the national and provincial level. Each province also has its own constitution, roughly mirroring the structure of the national constitution. The president and vice president are directly elected to 4-year terms. Both are limited to two consecutive terms; they are allowed to stand for a third term or more after an interval of at least one term. The president appoints cabinet ministers, and the constitution grants him considerable power, including authority to enact laws by presidential decree under conditions of "urgency and necessity" and the line-item veto.  

Since 2001, senators have been directly elected, with each province and the Federal Capital represented by three senators. Senators serve 6-year terms. One-third of the Senate stands for reelection every 2 years. Members of the Chamber of Deputies are directly elected to 4-year terms. Voters elect half the members of the lower house every 2 years. Both houses are elected via a system of proportional representation. Female representation in Congress—at nearly one-third of total seats—ranks among the world's highest, with representation comparable to European Union (EU) countries such as Austria and Germany. Female senators included Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, who was a nationally known member of the Senate for the Province of Santa Cruz before her husband was elected president, and was reelected on October 23, 2005 as a Senator for the Province of Buenos Aires.  

Since 2001, senators have been directly elected, with each province and the Federal Capital represented by three senators. Senators serve 6-year terms. One-third of the Senate stands for reelection every 2 years. Members of the Chamber of Deputies are directly elected to 4-year terms. Voters elect half the members of the lower house every 2 years. Both houses are elected via a system of proportional representation. Female representation in Congress—at nearly one-third of total seats—ranks among the world's highest, with representation comparable to European Union (EU) countries such as Austria and Germany. Female senators included Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, who was a nationally known member of the Senate for the Province of Santa Cruz before her husband was elected president, and was reelected on October 23, 2005 as a Senator for the Province of Buenos Aires.  

===Political Parties===

===Political Parties===

[[File:Obelisco Buenos Aires Argentina.jpg|right|thumb|Obelisco by night, Buenos Aires.]]

[[File:Obelisco Buenos Aires Argentina.jpg|left|thumb|Obelisco by night, Buenos Aires.]]

The two largest political parties are the Justicialist Party (PJ—also called Peronist), founded in 1945 by [[Juan Domingo Perón]], and the Union Civica Radical (UCR), or Radical Civic Union, founded in 1891. Traditionally, the UCR has had more urban middle-class support and the PJ more labor support, but both parties have become more broadly based. The PJ does not currently have a recognized national committee or leader due to internal differences. President Kirchner, a Peronist by origin, nominally is head of his Frente Para la Victoria (FPV) coalition that includes Peronists and non-Peronists aligned with him. Kirchner announced in July 2007 that he would not run for reelection in presidential elections in October 2007, and publicly supported the candidacy of his wife, Senator Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner. Fernandez de Kirchner formally announced her campaign for the presidency in July.  

The two largest political parties are the Justicialist Party (PJ—also called Peronist), founded in 1945 by [[Juan Domingo Perón]], and the Union Civica Radical (UCR), or Radical Civic Union, founded in 1891. Traditionally, the UCR has had more urban middle-class support and the PJ more labor support, but both parties have become more broadly based. The PJ does not currently have a recognized national committee or leader due to internal differences. President Kirchner, a Peronist by origin, nominally is head of his Frente Para la Victoria (FPV) coalition that includes Peronists and non-Peronists aligned with him. Kirchner announced in July 2007 that he would not run for reelection in presidential elections in October 2007, and publicly supported the candidacy of his wife, Senator Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner. Fernandez de Kirchner formally announced her campaign for the presidency in July.  

===Principal Government Officials===

===Principal Government Officials===

*President—Javier Milei

*President—Javier Milei

*Vice President and President of the Senate—[[Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner|Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]]

*Vice President and President of the Senate—[[Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner|Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]]

[[Image:Cristina Fernández y gobernadores.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] and governors.]]

[[Image:Cristina Fernández y gobernadores.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] and governors.]]

In the first round of the presidential election on April 27, 2003, former President Carlos Menem (-PJ) won 24.3% of the vote, Santa Cruz Governor Nestor Kirchner (PJ) won 22%, followed by RECREAR candidate Ricardo Lopez Murphy with 16.4% and Affirmation for an Egalitarian Republic (ARI) candidate Elisa Carrio with 14.2%. Menem withdrew from the May 25 runoff election after polls showed overwhelming support for Kirchner in the second round of elections. President Kirchner assumed the presidency on May 25, 2003. He took office following the immense social and economic upheaval stemming from the financial crisis caused by a failed currency convertibility regime. Despite widespread concern, democracy and democratic institutions survived the crisis, and Nestor Kirchner took firm control as president. After taking office, Kirchner focused on consolidating his political strength and alleviating social problems. He pushed for changes in the Supreme Court and military and undertook popular measures, such as raising government salaries, pensions, and the minimum wage. On October 23, 2005, President Kirchner, bolstered by Argentina's rapid economic growth and recovery from its 2001/2002 crisis, won a major victory in the midterm legislative elections, giving him a strengthened mandate and control of a legislative majority in both the Senate and Chamber of Deputies. President Kirchner is considered by many experts to have been the most powerful Argentine president since democracy was restored in 1983. In 2015 [[Mauricio Macri]] was elected due to the people wanting a change, he promised to be right-wing but shown to be a [[social democrat]]. In 2019 the left won the Presidential election with Alberto Fernández as president and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner as vice president.  

In the first round of the presidential election on April 27, 2003, former President Carlos Menem (-PJ) won 24.3% of the vote, Santa Cruz Governor Nestor Kirchner (PJ) won 22%, followed by RECREAR candidate Ricardo Lopez Murphy with 16.4% and Affirmation for an Egalitarian Republic (ARI) candidate Elisa Carrio with 14.2%. Menem withdrew from the May 25 runoff election after polls showed overwhelming support for Kirchner in the second round of elections. President Kirchner assumed the presidency on May 25, 2003. He took office following the immense social and economic upheaval stemming from the financial crisis caused by a failed currency convertibility regime. Despite widespread concern, democracy and democratic institutions survived the crisis, and Nestor Kirchner took firm control as president. After taking office, Kirchner focused on consolidating his political strength and alleviating social problems. He pushed for changes in the Supreme Court and military and undertook popular measures, such as raising government salaries, pensions, and the minimum wage. On October 23, 2005, President Kirchner, bolstered by Argentina's rapid economic growth and recovery from its 2001/2002 crisis, won a major victory in the midterm legislative elections, giving him a strengthened mandate and control of a legislative majority in both the Senate and Chamber of Deputies. President Kirchner is considered by many experts to have been the most powerful Argentine president since democracy was restored in 1983. In 2015 [[Mauricio Macri]] was elected due to the people wanting a change, he promised to be right-wing but shown to be a [[social democrat]]. In 2019 the left won the Presidential election with Alberto Fernández as president and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner as vice president.  

 

In 2023, the anti-establishment [[libertarian]] and [[anarcho-capitalist]], [[Javier Milei]] won the Presidency in a landslide victory having 55.69 % of the votes. His Vice President, [[Victoria Villarruel]] is a [[Traditional Catholic]] that attends the [[Society of Saint Pius X]].

In 2023, the anti-establishment [[libertarian]] and [[anarcho-capitalist]], [[Javier Milei]] won the Presidency in a landslide victory having 55.69 % of the votes. His Vice President, [[Victoria Villarruel]] is a [[Traditional Catholic]] that attends the [[Society of Saint Pius X]].