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Architecture (view source)

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Architectural types and styles classify architecture in terms of form, techniques, materials, time periods, contexts, region, climates, etc.<ref>[http://types.greatbuildings.com/ A Menu of Architectural Types]</ref> The Oxford English Dictionary defines architectural style as "A definite type of architecture distinguished by special characteristics of structure and ornament"... ''The language of ornament employed throughout a building frequently identifies the architecture of a particular period.'' <ref>[http://www.wbdg.org/resources/style.php Style] by Phoebe Crisman, Assistant Professor,

University of Virginia, School of Architecture.

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</ref> Terms like Balustrade, Column, [[Cupola]], Entablature, Façade, Gothic arch, Jamb, [[Masonry]], Portico, Volute, or Wattle, are typical of this architectural profession.

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</ref> Terms like Balustrade, Column, [[Cupola]], Entablature, Façade, Gothic arch, Jamb, [[Masonry]], Portico, Volute, or Wattle are typical of this architectural profession.

[[Image:The High Museum of Art in Atlanta.jpg|thumb|The High [[Museum]] of Art in [[Atlanta]].]]

[[Image:Basilica of the annunciation.jpg|thumb|240px|Basilica of the Annunciation, [[Nazareth]].]]

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Architects are those who engage in the profession of architecture. Many of them throughout history have achieved notable success leaving outstanding works. Using the technology available and suitable materials like [[wood]], stone or [[marble]], glass, [[cement]], [[steel]], or pre-stressed concrete, architects have enhanced our environment. In the following periods some of these works or cultural symbols will be presented.

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Architects are those who engage in the profession of architecture. Many of them throughout history have achieved notable success, leaving outstanding works. Using the technology available and suitable materials like [[wood]], stone or [[marble]], glass, [[cement]], [[steel]], or pre-stressed concrete, architects have enhanced our environment. In the following periods, some of these works or cultural symbols will be presented.

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| Art in Roman Architecture ~~appears in~~ such varied purposes. ''The Romans were the first people to treat architecture as a minister to the numberless needs of a great nation. Before them, except in the Greek theatres, it had served the gods, the royal families, and the dead, alone.'' [http://www.2020site.org/rome/] Some examples of Roman Architecture are: [[Pantheon, Rome|The Pantheon]] (the best-preserved building in [[Rome]]), [[Colosseum|The Colosseum]], the aqueducts like The Aqua Appia, [[Hadrian's Wall|The Hadrian's Wall]], [[Antonine Wall|The Antonine Wall]], and The Library of Celsus designed by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the Roman city of Ephesus.

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| Art in Roman Architecture serves such varied purposes. ''The Romans were the first people to treat architecture as a minister to the numberless needs of a great nation. Before them, except in the Greek theatres, it had served the gods, the royal families, and the dead, alone.'' [http://www.2020site.org/rome/] Some examples of Roman Architecture are: [[Pantheon, Rome|The Pantheon]] (the best-preserved building in [[Rome]]), [[Colosseum|The Colosseum]], the aqueducts like The Aqua Appia, [[Hadrian's Wall|The Hadrian's Wall]], [[Antonine Wall|The Antonine Wall]], and The Library of Celsus designed by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the Roman city of Ephesus.

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[[Image:Gerasa Triumphal Arch of Hadrian.jpg|thumb|Triumphal Arch of Hadrian, Gerasa, [[Jordan]].]]

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One of the featured elements of the Roman architecture was the "[[arch]] semicircular". Roman arcades were made with pilasters attached to piers carrying an entablature, or in some cases the arches are resting directly upon their capitals. The Colosseum and the aqueducts are examples of this technique. Romans also introduced the triumphal arch to celebrate military victories.

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One of the featured elements of the Roman architecture was the "[[arch]] semicircular". and Roman arcades were made with pilasters attached to piers carrying an entablature, or in some cases the arches are resting directly upon their capitals. The Colosseum and the aqueducts are examples of this technique. Romans also introduced the triumphal arch to celebrate military victories.

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''The [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] and the ruined Temple of Peace were the two Roman edifices which indicated the progress of the Romans towards the invention of an architecture distinctively their own. '' <ref>[http://www.2020site.org/rome/romanarch.html Roman Arch and Columns]</ref>

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''The [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] and the ruined Temple of Peace were the two Roman edifices which indicated the progress of the Romans towards the invention of an architecture distinctively their own.'' <ref>[http://www.2020site.org/rome/romanarch.html Roman Arch and Columns]</ref>

Architect Vitruvius wrote the earliest work on the subject of architecture "De architectura", known today as ''The Ten Books on Architecture''. Vitruvius' fundamental principles of architecture were ''firmitas, utilitas, venustas'' (firmness, commodity and delight).

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[[Image:Burgos Cathedral.JPG|thumb|180px|[[Burgos Cathedral]], [[Spain]]]]

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[[Gothic architecture]], consisted of taller, perpendicular structures with long windows, pointed arches and "flying buttresses" (stone supports on the outer walls of churches); the pointed spires of this style are said to reflect the desire of people of the Middle Ages to grow closer to [[God]], reaching towards [[heaven]] and away from the earth. Spires were a source of pride for churches, and stressing the limits of architecture resulted in frequent collapses of church buildings - much like miniature [[Tower of Babel|Towers of Babel]]. Tall windows allowed sunlight to illuminate the interior, unlike Romanesque architecture, in which windows were small and interiors were dim. A particularly stunning example of Gothic architecture is the [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame]] in [[Paris]], on which construction began in 1163 during the reign of Louis VII, and was completed about 200 years later, in 1345. The Notre Dame features a beautiful stained-glass "rose window," which is another distinguishing characteristic of Gothic churches.

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[[Gothic architecture]], consisted of taller, perpendicular structures with long windows, pointed arches and "flying buttresses" (stone supports on the outer walls of churches); the pointed spires of this style are said to reflect the desire of people of the Middle Ages to grow closer to [[God]], reaching towards [[heaven]] and away from the earth. Spires were a source of pride for churches, and stressing the limits of architecture resulted in frequent collapses of church buildings - much like miniature [[Tower of Babel|Towers of Babel]]. Tall windows allowed sunlight to illuminate the interior, unlike Romanesque architecture, in which windows were small and interiors were dim. A particularly stunning example of Gothic architecture is the [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame]] in [[Paris]], on which construction began in 1163 during the reign of Louis VII and was completed about 200 years later, in 1345. The Notre Dame features a beautiful stained-glass "rose window," which is another distinguishing characteristic of Gothic churches.

The Roman arch was followed by the pointed Gothic arch or ogive.

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[[Image:Dome of S. Maria del Fiore in Florence.jpg|thumb|Dome of S. Maria del Fiore in [[Florence]] by Filippo Brunelleschi]]

The [[Renaissance]] period goes from 1400 to 1620 AD. This architecture was inspired by artists' works of classical Greece and Rome.

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Some famous architects were [[Filippo Brunelleschi]], [[Michelangelo|Michelangelo Buonarroti]], [[Andrea Palladio]], Michelozzo Michelozzi, [[Leon Battista Alberti]], Baldassare Peruzzi and Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola. [[Juan de Herrera]] (1530 - 1597) and Juan Bautista de Toledo in [[Spain]] worked in ''The Escorial'', the colossal monastery of Philip II. ''[[St. Peter's Basilica|The Basilica of St. Peter]]'' in Vatican City by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo and Carlo Maderno, is a masterpiece of this period. Works of Alberti included ''The Palazzo Rucellai'' and the decoration of the façade at ''Santa Maria Novella'', in Florence. Vignola and his pupil Giacomo della Porta, were involved in the construction of ''Il Gesu'', Motherchurch of the [[Society of Jesus]], at Rome.

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Some famous architects were [[Filippo Brunelleschi]], [[Michelangelo|Michelangelo Buonarroti]], [[Andrea Palladio]], Michelozzo Michelozzi, [[Leon Battista Alberti]], Baldassare Peruzzi and Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola. [[Juan de Herrera]] (1530 - 1597) and Juan Bautista de Toledo in [[Spain]] worked in ''The Escorial'', the colossal monastery of Philip II. ''[[St. Peter's Basilica|The Basilica of St. Peter]]'' in Vatican City by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo and Carlo Maderno, is a masterpiece of this period. Works of Alberti included ''The Palazzo Rucellai'' and the decoration of the façade at ''Santa Maria Novella'', in Florence. Vignola and his pupil Giacomo della Porta were involved in the construction of ''Il Gesu'', Motherchurch of the [[Society of Jesus]], at Rome.

[[Image:Il Gesu.jpg|thumb|140px|Il Gesu, Rome.]]

[[Image:Louvre by night.jpg|thumb|370px|left|''Le Louvre'' by night.]]

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[[Image:CCTV building en Beijing.jpg|thumb|left|CCTV building, [[Beijing]], [[China]].]]

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In this period several styles have appeared, like: Deconstructivism, Formalism, Modernism, Expressionism, Neo-expressionism, Structuralism, Postmodernism, [[Functionalism (architecture)|Functionalism]], International Style, [[Brutalism]] and The [[Bauhaus school]]. (Bauhaus is a term coined by [[Architect]] [[Walter Gropius]] and means ''house for building'').

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In this period several styles have appeared, like Deconstructivism, Formalism, Modernism, Expressionism, Neo-expressionism, Structuralism, Postmodernism, [[Functionalism (architecture)|Functionalism]], International Style, [[Brutalism]] and The [[Bauhaus school]]. (Bauhaus is a term coined by [[Architect]] [[Walter Gropius]] and means ''house for building'').

[[Image:Villa Tugendhat Van der Rohe.jpg|thumb|220px|Villa Tugendhat, a [[World Heritage Site]], by Ludwig Van der Rohe, [[Czech Republic]].]]

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== Oriental architecture ==

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The styles of Oriental architecture have their own characteristics but the interrelation with Western-style architecture has been important. Countries like [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[India]] present wonderful examples of this [[art]], so rich in symbolism.

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The styles of Oriental architecture have their own characteristics, but the interrelation with Western-style architecture has been important. Countries like [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[India]] present wonderful examples of this [[art]], so rich in symbolism.

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[[Image:Benares.jpg|thumb|180px|Benares' temple in [[India]], considered one of the Shakti Peethas (places of strength- worship).]]

*[http://architecture.about.com/od/periodsstyles/Periods_and_Styles.htm Periods and Styles]

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*[http://types.greatbuildings.com/ A Menu of Architectural Types]

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*[http://types.greatbuildings.com/ A Menu of Architectural Types]

*[http://www.lib.virginia.edu/artsandmedia/dic/colls/arh102/index.html Renaissance and Baroque Architecture]

*[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-7907984.html GREEK REVIVAL DOMINATED AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE FROM 1818 TO 1850]

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