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List of dictators (view source)

Revision as of 11:36, August 8, 2007

3,726 bytes removed , 11:36, August 8, 2007

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|align=center|[[Mohamed Siad Barre]] ||align=center| [[Somalia]] ||align=center| 1969–1991 || Chairman of the Supreme Revolutionary Council 1969-1976; President of Somalia 1976-1991. In 1969, during the power vacuum following the assassination of President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, the military staged a coup and took over. Barre was to rule for the next twenty-two years. He attempted to develop a personality cult; large posters of him were common in the capital Mogadishu during his reign, many of which can still be seen today. He dreamed of a "[[Greater Somalia]]" and tried unsuccessfully to annex the [[Ogaden]]—legally Ethiopian territory—in 1977 to realize this end (see [[Ogaden War]]).

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|align=center|[[Anwar Sadat]] ||align=center| [[Egypt]] ||align=center| 1970–1981 || President of Egypt 1970-1981. Unelected, suppressed opposition in what was termed "[[The Corrective Revolution]]". Assassinated.

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|align=center|[[Idi Amin]] ||align=center| [[Uganda]] ||align=center| 1971–1979 || [[President of Uganda]], later (1976) declared as [[President for Life|for Life]]. Deposed in 1979 after declaring war on [[Tanzania]].

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|align=center|[[Robert Mugabe]] ||align=center| [[Zimbabwe]] ||align=center| '''1980–present''' ||

Gained power through election, and repeatedly re-elected, but criticized for steps used to maintain power. From 1999 on, used police and militant groups like the War Veterans Association and [[Border Gezi Youth]] to enforce [[ZANU-PF]] policies and to prevent opponents from voting; called "king" by his aides.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1709488.stm] Arrested and tortured opponents and human rights activists; gave amnesty to murderers of his political opponents in 2000; ignores court rulings.[http://www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,410850,00.html] Criticized as dictator by [[Desmond Tutu]][http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1754307.stm] and [[Vladimir Putin]][http://www.namibian.com.na/2005/July/world/05C16ABC4A.html].

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|align=center|[[Hosni Mubarak]] ||align=center| [[Egypt]] ||align=center| '''1981–present''' || President of Egypt. Did not stand in a contested election until 2005, when a highly-restricted democratic process was allowed.

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|align=center|[[Jerry Rawlings]] ||align=center| [[Ghana]] ||align=center| 1981-1992 || Gained power in a military coup during 1979 but handed it over. Re-took power in another coup of 1981. Elected President in 1992 and again in 1996 before standing aside as per the constitution.

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| align=center|[[José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1813-1814 and 1814-1840 ||gained power in election. Outlawed all opposition. Installed a police state. Cult of personality; citizens forced to raise their hats or a brim when he passed by; styled himself with the position name "El Supremo".

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| align=center|[[Simón Bolívar]] || align=center|[[Gran Colombia]] || align=center|1821–1830 || Though an admirer of classical liberal democracy, the founder and president of Gran Colombia proclaimed himself dictator in 1828 after an unsuccessful constitutional convention. Resigned eighteen months later.

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| align=center|[[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] || align=center|[[Argentina]] || align=center|1835–1852 || Governor of Buenos Aires 1829-1832, 1835-1852; Supreme Chief of the Argentine Confederation 1851-1852. Assumed dictatorial powers; exiled opponents.

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| align=center|[[Paul Magloire]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1950-1956 || President of Haiti. Gained power in a coup; never elected.

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| align=center|[[Fulgencio Batista]] || align=center|[[Cuba]] || align=center|1952-1959 || President of Cuba 1940-1944; 1952-1959. Gained power the second time in a coup; suppressed opposition violently. Use of torture and [[collective punishment]]. [[Mafia]] ties.

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| align=center|[[François Duvalier]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1957-1971 || President of Haiti. Elected in [[1957]], but banned opposition; declared himself [[President for Life]] in 1964; highly repressive.

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|align=center|[[Hossain Mohammad Ershad]] || align=center|[[Bangladesh]] || align=center|1982–1990 ||Gained power in a coup; declared martial law; never elected.

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| align=center|[[Pervez Musharraf]] || align=center|[[Pakistan]] || align=center|'''1999–present''' || Deposed [[Nawaz Sharif]] in a military coup, calling it a necessity during a [[state of emergency]]. Governed directly as commander in chief until [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]] reconvened in November 2002. Assumed the title of [[President of Pakistan|President]] upon [[Rafiq Tarar]]'s resignation and stood in a [[referendum]] in 2002.[http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/1101020722/story.html] Opposition parties state that the rule of law in his custody has deteriorated further.

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After a savage battle against occupying [[Chinese republic]]an forces, on March 13, 1921, [[Mongolia]] was proclaimed an independent [[monarchy]], and Ungern von Sternberg became Mongolian [[dictator]]. His brief rule of Mongolia was characterised by looting, raping and a reign of terror by his army. Eventually, the [[Bolsheviks]] invaded Mongolia and after a series of battles, von Ungern-Sternberg was defeated in a August 1921, captured by his own soldiers, and handed over to the [[Red Army]] on August 21, 1921.

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| align=center|[[Chiang Kai-Shek]] || align=center|[[Republic of China]] || align=center|1927–1975 || Known as the "Generalissimo". Gained power by military force. Leader of anti-communist one-party state under the [[Kuomintang]]. Rule on [[mainland China]] repeatedly undermined by powerful regional factions, civil wars, and the war against Japan. Ruled with an iron-fist following his retreat to [[Taiwan]] in 1949.

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| align=center|[[Horloogiyn Choybalsan]] || align=center|[[Mongolia]] || align=center|1936–1952 || Unelected; opponents purged; cult of personality.

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| align=center|[[Thanom Kittikachorn]] || align=center|[[Thailand]] || align=center|1963–1973 || Military dictator, known as one of Thailand's so-called "Three Tyrants". Oppressed student-led uprisings in October 1973 and 1976.

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| align=center|[[Ferdinand Marcos]] || align=center|[[Philippines]] || align=center|1965–1986 ||Elected president in 1965 and 1969; declared [[martial law]] in 1972 based on nonexistent assassination plot; closed all independent press; kleptocrat; retained presidency through elections that he firmly controlled.[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:sKBwU4oGQcgJ:www.kairoscanada.org/e/resources/GEJR%2520Summer%25202003%2520low%2520res.pdf+%22Ferdinand+Marcos+dictatorship%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:uZa-WxEum0sJ:www.stanford.edu/~flsamson/318_AMLM.pdf+%22Ferdinand+Marcos%22+%22dictatorship%22]).

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| align=center|[[Suharto]] || align=center|[[Indonesia]] || align=center|1967–1998 || His ''[[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]]'' imprisoned Communists and alleged Communists; repressed Chinese inhabitants; made existing parties subordinate. Also a cleptocrat (with personal and family's assets at least worth US$ 15 billion, based on [[Time]] Magazine investigation in 1998). Described as a dictator in many sources (see[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:Bbh_caM50o4J:www.aut.ac.nz/depts/commstud/journ/docs/reviewscronau.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:128rEIvvRD4J:www.civiced.org/research/pdfs/RisingTide.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:_233mw5azNkJ:cmbc.ucsd.edu/content/1/docs/laurance2004.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22]).

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! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes

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~~| align=center|[[Abdullah bin Abdulaziz]] || align=center|[[Saudi Arabia]] || align=center|'''Present'''||unelected.~~

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~~| align=center|[[Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]] || align=center|[[Kuwait]] || align=center| '''Present'''||unelected.~~

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~~| align=center|[[Hamad bin Khalifa]] || align=center|[[Qatar]] || align=center| '''Present'''||unelected.~~

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~~| align=center|[[Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahayan]] || align=center|[[United Arab Emirate]] || align=center| '''Present'''||unelected.~~

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| align=center|[[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] || align=center|[[Iran]] || align=center|1941/1953–1979 || Installed over his father [[Reza Shah|Rezah Shah Pahlavi]] by [[Allies (World War II)|Allied]] occupation forces. Fled Iran in 1953 amid a power struggle with Prime Minister [[Mohammad Mossadegh]] and was restored with help from the United States and Great Britain. Abolished all rival political parties and used a secret police,[[Savak]], to torture and imprison thousands of political dissidents; yet, modernized Iran.

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| align=center|[[Hafez al-Assad]] || align=center|[[Syria]] || align=center|1970–2000 ||Gained power in a coup; totalitarian;{{cn}} cult of personality; oversaw [[Hama massacre]] yielding twenty to forty thousand dead (see [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0012197]).

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| align=center|[[Ruhollah Khomeini]] || align=center|[[Iran]] || align=center|1979–1989 || ~~Considered a theocratic dictator by [[Western world|Western]] powers.[http://www.bartleby.com/59/10/khomeiniayat.html]~~ As [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]], held ultimate and uncontested authority over all government matters under the principle of [[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists|Guardianship]]. Created the extra-constitutional [[Special Clerical Court]] system in [[1987]], accountable only to the Supreme Leader and used principally for suppression of political dissent.

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| align=center|[[Ruhollah Khomeini]] || align=center|[[Iran]] || align=center|1979–1989 || As [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]], held ultimate and uncontested authority over all government matters under the principle of [[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists|Guardianship]]. Created the extra-constitutional [[Special Clerical Court]] system in [[1987]], accountable only to the Supreme Leader and used principally for suppression of political dissent. Instituted routine torture, beheadings for children.

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| align=center|[[Saddam Hussein]] || align=center|[[Iraq]] || align=center|1979–2003 || Pressured Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr to resign in 1979 and formally became president. Repressive; developed extensive personality cult; deposed by [[United States]] and coalition forces in an invasion.

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| align=center| [[Leonid Brezhnev]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center| 1964–1982 || First/General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1964-1982. Formed a [[cult of Personality]] later on.

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| align=center| [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]] || align=center| [[Romania]] || align=center| 1965–1989 || General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party, 1965-1989; President of Romania, 1974-1989. Leader of single-party Communist state; extensive personality cult developed during the 1970s.

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| align=center| [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]] || align=center| [[Romania]] || align=center| 1965–1989 || General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party, 1965-1989; President of Romania, 1974-1989. Leader of single-party Communist state; extensive personality cult developed during the 1970s. Lived lavish lifestyle while country was still using donkey carts.

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| align=center| [[George Papadopoulos]] || align=center| [[Greece]] || align=center| 1967–1973 || Prime Minister of Greece 1967 - 1973; Regent 1972 - 1973; President of Greece 1973. Gained power in a coup; lead military regime. Widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0778782.html], [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/379334.stm], [http://www.hellas.net]).

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| align=center| [[Phaedon Gizikis]] || align=center| [[Greece]] || align=center| 1973-1974 || President of Greece 1973-1974. Gained power in coup. Lead millitary regime installed by previous head of state.

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| align=center| [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] || align=center| [[Poland]] || align=center| 1981-1990 || Imposed martial law in Poland in 1981 in response to [[Solidarity]] party led strikes. Made himself head of the "Commission for National Salvation." Stated his actions were taken in order to prevent a Soviet invasion of Poland. Was President of Poland until his resignation in 1990.

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| align=center| [[Yuri Andropov]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center| 1982-1984 || General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1982-1984. Early signs of [[Perestroika]] and [[Glasnost]].

TK

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List of dictators (view source)

Revision as of 11:36, August 8, 2007

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