Changes

==Organization and influence on public and policymaking==

==Organization and influence on the public and policymaking==

The Institute of Pacific Relations was established in 1925 to provide a forum for discussion of Asian problems and relations between Asia and the West. It was governed by an international body in which each nation interested in the Pacific was represented and had its own national council. The constituent nations were the United States, United Kingdom, the [[Soviet Union]], China, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Netherland-Netherlands East Indies, Philippines and [[France]]. The overall international ruling body was called the Pacific Council. The IPR had two organs of expression. One was a quarterly journal called ''Pacific Affairs'', under the auspices of the International or Pacific Council. The other was ''Far Eastern Survey'', published by the American Council. [[Owen Lattimore]] was the editor of ''Pacific Affairs'' and Lawrence E. Salisbury was the editor of ''Far Eastern Survey''. The executive secretary of the American Council was [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]], a notorious professional Communist and popularly known as the "Millionaire Communist." Field was enlisted for the job by Dr. Edward C. Carter in 1928, when Field became assistant secretary and very soon after executive secretary. He remained a member of the governing executive committee until 1948 and executive secretary until 1940.<ref>''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', John T. Flynn,  New York : The Devin - Adair Company, 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf pg. 116 - 119] pdf.</ref> Edward Carter was also member of the board of directors of the [[American Russian Institute]] and a contributor to ''Soviet Russia Today'' in which Carter defended the infamous Moscow [[show trial]]s during the [[Stalinist terror]].<ref> Soviet Russia Today, May 1938.</ref> Carter tried to get Field a commission in Army Intelligence.

The Institute of Pacific Relations was established in 1925 to provide a forum for discussion of Asian problems and relations between Asia and the West. It was governed by an international body in which each nation interested in the Pacific was represented and had its own national council. The constituent nations were the United States, United Kingdom, the [[Soviet Union]], China, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Netherland-Netherlands East Indies, Philippines and [[France]]. The overall international ruling body was called the Pacific Council. The IPR had two organs of expression. One was a quarterly journal called ''Pacific Affairs'', under the auspices of the International or Pacific Council. The other was ''Far Eastern Survey'', published by the American Council. [[Owen Lattimore]] was the editor of ''Pacific Affairs'' and Lawrence E. Salisbury was the editor of ''Far Eastern Survey''. The executive secretary of the American Council was [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]], a notorious professional Communist and popularly known as the "Millionaire Communist." Field was enlisted for the job by Dr. Edward C. Carter in 1928, when Field became assistant secretary and very soon after executive secretary. He remained a member of the governing executive committee until 1948 and executive secretary until 1940.<ref>''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', John T. Flynn,  New York : The Devin - Adair Company, 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf pg. 116 - 119] pdf.</ref> Edward Carter was also member of the board of directors of the [[American Russian Institute]] and a contributor to ''Soviet Russia Today'' in which Carter defended the infamous Moscow [[show trial]]s during the [[Stalinist terror]].<ref> Soviet Russia Today, May 1938.</ref> Carter tried to get Field a commission in Army Intelligence.

When, on June 15 1943, [[Owen Lattimore]] instructed Joseph Barnes<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791284,00.html ''Tongue-Tied''], [[Time magazine]], Feb. 07, 1944.</ref> to replace the non-Communist Chinese of the [[Office of War Information]] (OWI) with Communists, OWI did so. On July 14 [[Thomas A. Bisson]], in the Institute of Pacific Relations publication, ''Far Eastern Survey'', referred to Maoist forces as the "democratic China."  The disinformation was widely repeated among journalists and academics.  In July and August 1943, the Chinese Communist forces -- in the midst of the war -- joined with the Japanese armies to inflict a serious defeat on the [[Kuomintang]] troops allied with the United States.  <ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Felix Wittmer, Caxton Printers, 1953, pg. 36.</ref>

When, on June 15 1943, [[Owen Lattimore]] instructed Joseph Barnes<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791284,00.html ''Tongue-Tied''], [[Time magazine]], Feb. 07, 1944.</ref> to replace the non-Communist Chinese of the [[Office of War Information]] (OWI) with Communists, OWI did so. On July 14 [[Thomas A. Bisson]], in the Institute of Pacific Relations publication, ''Far Eastern Survey'', referred to Maoist forces as the "democratic China."  The disinformation was widely repeated among journalists and academics.  In July and August 1943, the Chinese Communist forces -- in the midst of the war -- joined with the Japanese armies to inflict a serious defeat on the [[Kuomintang]] troops allied with the United States.  <ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Felix Wittmer, Caxton Printers, 1953, pg. 36.</ref>

=="agrarian reformers"==

==Chinese mass murderers hailed as "agrarian reformers"==

Columbia University's Nathaniel Peffer, Owen Lattimore, [[Frederick Field]] and others, in the ''New York Times'' of May 14, 1944, wrote of China's "agrarian reformers."  Vice-President [[Henry Wallace]], celebrated July 4, 1944, in Chita, Soviet Siberia accompanied by John Hazard, Lattimore, and John Carter Vincent, on an official fifty-two-day, twenty-seven-thousand-mile junket to Soviet Asia and China and was the guest of Sergei Arsenevich Goglidze and Ivan Nikoshov, dreaded masters of the Soviet Siberian slave-labor camps.<ref>''Yalta Betrayal'', Wittmer, 1953, pg. 58. Retrieved from GELO.com [http://www.ogleo.com/search/ogleo-History_of_CzechoslovakiaHistory of Czechoslovakia] 05/08/07.</ref>

Columbia University's Nathaniel Peffer, Owen Lattimore, [[Frederick Field]] and others, in the ''New York Times'' of May 14, 1944, wrote of China's "agrarian reformers."  Vice-President [[Henry Wallace]], celebrated July 4, 1944, in Chita, Soviet Siberia accompanied by John Hazard, Lattimore, and John Carter Vincent, on an official fifty-two-day, twenty-seven-thousand-mile junket to Soviet Asia and China and was the guest of Sergei Arsenevich Goglidze and Ivan Nikoshov, dreaded masters of the Soviet Siberian slave-labor camps.<ref>''Yalta Betrayal'', Wittmer, 1953, pg. 58. Retrieved from GELO.com [http://www.ogleo.com/search/ogleo-History_of_CzechoslovakiaHistory of Czechoslovakia] 05/08/07.</ref>

Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] of Wisconsin repeatedly criticized IPR and its former chairman [[Philip Jessup]]. McCarthy observed [[Frederick V. Field]], [[T.A. Bisson]], and Owen Lattimore were very active in IPR and worked to turn American China policy in favor of the [[Communist Party of China]]. John Carter Vincent, John Service, [[Alger Hiss]], and John Paton Daviesall had links to IPR. Jessup in 1949 was the principal editor of the State Department "white paper" on China that abandoned Chiang Kai-chek and the Nationalist Chinese government.

Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] of Wisconsin repeatedly criticized IPR and its former chairman [[Philip Jessup]]. McCarthy observed [[Frederick V. Field]], [[T.A. Bisson]], and Owen Lattimore were very active in IPR and worked to turn American China policy in favor of the [[Communist Party of China]]. John Carter Vincent, John Service, [[Alger Hiss]], and John Paton Daviesall had links to IPR. Jessup in 1949 was the principal editor of the State Department "white paper" on China that abandoned Chiang Kai-chek and the Nationalist Chinese government.

==SISS investigation==

==Senate investigations==

The 1952 [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS) reviewed some 20,000 documents from the files of IPR, including letters, memoranda, minutes and reports. <ref>[http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#SISS National Archives and Records Administration, Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]</ref>  During the Senate hearings on the IPR, 46 persons connected with the IPR were  

The 1952 [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS) reviewed some 20,000 documents from the files of IPR, including letters, memoranda, minutes and reports. <ref>[http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#SISS National Archives and Records Administration, Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]</ref>  During the Senate hearings on the IPR, 46 persons connected with the IPR were