Changes

== External history ==

== External history ==

[[J. R. R. Tolkien]] was a [[philology|philologist]] and had loved language since he had been a child. He invented several languages, which he later used as languages for the inhabitants of his Middle-earth world.  

[[J. R. R. Tolkien]] was a [[philology|philologist]] and had loved language since he had been a child. He invented several languages, which he later used as languages for the inhabitants of his Middle-earth world. Indeed, the languages came first, and he often stated that he created Middle-earth as a world in which his languages could be spoken. <ref>"Nobody believes me when I say that my long book is an attempt to create a world in which a form of language agreeable to my personal aesthetic taste might seem real. But it is true." ''The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien'' #264</ref>

While some of Tolkien's languages have a detailed grammar and vocabulary, some are a lot less detailed, and many consist of only a few  names and words. Other languages appear in his works through a real-world 'stand-in' language: Rohirric is represented by [[Old English language|Old English]], and the names of the Dwarves and the Men of northeastern Middle-earth are Norse. Quenya and Sindarin are the most developed and probably also the most well known of Tolkien's languages.  

While some of Tolkien's languages have a detailed grammar and vocabulary, some are a lot less detailed, and many consist of only a few  names and words. Other languages appear in his works through a real-world 'stand-in' language: Rohirric is represented by [[Old English language|Old English]], and the names of the Dwarves and the Men of northeastern Middle-earth are Norse. Quenya and Sindarin are the most developed and probably also the most well known of Tolkien's languages.  

=== Black Speech ===

=== Black Speech ===

'''Black Speech''' is the language created by [[Sauron]] and used by him and his followers. The most well known example of the language is the inscription on the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]], which is in Black Speech written in [[tengwar]] letters. Aside from the Ring-inscription there are a few names and words of Black Speech known.

'''Black Speech''' is the language created by [[Sauron]] and used by him and his followers. The most well known example of the language is the inscription on the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]], which is in Black Speech written in [[tengwar]] letters. Aside from the Ring-inscription there are a few names and words of Black Speech known.

== External links ==

== External links ==