Changes

We will have our midterm exam next week, which covers everything through In the time period after the end of Reconstruction(1877) until the key presidential election of 1896, economic issues were particularly important. That means Lectures One through SixVery little else was happening: the presidents were unremarkable and, frankly, but not Lecture Sevenentirely forgettable. Our exam will consist Social disputes like slavery were resolved. And for the longest time in American history, there were no wars. America had no wars between the end of ''about'' 30 questions (the total will be different for Civil War in 1865 and the boys' beginning of the Spanish-American War in 1898, a period of 33 years. Ask yourself: when was the second longest time of peace in American history?<ref>The second longest time period of peace in American history was between the end of the War of 1812 (in 1815) and girls' teststhe beginning of the Mexican War (in 1846), a period of 31 years. See http://americanhistory.about.com/library/timelines/bltimelineuswars.htm</ref>

There are three ingredients to success on any exam:*how much time you spend studying (rather than, for example, wasting time on unproductive activities like television)*how effective your method of studying is*how effective your test-taking techniques are almost nothing to learn about civil rights during the exam itself (seelate 1800s. The Supreme Court ruled in 1883, for examplein the ''Civil Rights Cases'', that the techniques mentioned earlier in this course)Fourteenth Amendment was limited to prohibiting racial discrimination ''by government''. These decisions held that the Fourteenth Amendment does not apply to racism by private groups. This ended the civil rights movement until the 1950s.

Master all three aspects So what's left to study about 1877 to 1896? The economy. Many of exam preparation listed above and you the economics questions on the SAT II will maximize your scorecome from 1877-1896 because little else was happening then. For someIf you like economic issues, that will mean scoring at then this is an exciting time period to study. The economy was ''booming''. The greatest inventions in the top history of our class; for others, it will mean improving what your score would have been otherwisemankind occurred during this period. Our prosperity today is mostly a result of the tremendous breakthroughs of that era.

View an exam as a fun challengeBut first, like participating in a contest. Your performance in the race or game depends on your time spent preparing, how effectively you prepared, and how effectively you tried during the contest itselflittle review.

Do not think it is impossible to know every event After the North won the Civil War in 1865, the list at Republican Party claimed victory and blamed the end of this Lecture; we will likely see top scorers on next week's exam who are Democratic Party for the war itself. From then until 1912, only one Democratic candidate for president was able to learn nearly every event. win a presidential election: A student "Grover Cleveland, who hustles while he waitswon in 1884," as Thomas Edison saidthen lost in 1888, can find and then won again in 1892. And he was a ton ''[[conservative]]'' Democrat from the traditionally Republican northern state of extra time for preparing that he did not realize existed beforeNew York. The reason the Republican Party won so often was because it was "waving the bloody shirt" every election, which means it was reminding voters of how the Democrats sided with the supposedly treasonous South in seceding and causing the Civil War.

Recall how Republican rule of the homeschoolers Abraham Lincoln nation meant that free enterprise and Thomas Edison approached the challenges in their lifebig business were favored. They saw challenge as opportunity, and gave it their best shot. They knew that success in life is due almost entirely This led to "perspiration" (work) rather than inborn traits like IQ. Lincoln and Edison would have given this exam their best shottremendous prosperity, and so can you. Be one of the students who wins an award for scoring among nation grew into a world power in the highest in second half of the class1800s.

Several students have informed me that they will be taking the CLEP American History exam The United States also grew in order size when the Secretary of State under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson, William Seward, agreed to earn college creditpurchase Alaska from Russia in 1867. Congratulations to those students for showing initiativeCritics ridiculed this purchase as "Seward's Folly, and hopefully others will consider attempting to earn college credit also" describing the land as a mere "icebox". At the time, no one knew there was oil and gold there, or that Sarah Palin would be its future governor!

Because several students are taking But while the CLEP examRepublicans controlled the presidency from 1868 to 1912 (with the exception of Grover Cleveland), and because it is the best Democratic Party controlled much of local politics. "Tammany Hall" was the College Board exams, we will follow its formatname of the Democratic Party organization that controlled New York City. The CLEP exam divides American history into two periodsIt was a completely corrupt "machine" that elected people, gave out jobs, and even stole money from the City. The first CLEP American History exam covers through Reconstruction (Lectures One through SixEventually, but not Seven)it was the ''New York Times'' and America's most famous cartoonist, just like our midterm examThomas Nast, who harshly mocked its leader, "Boss" Tweed. Our midterm exam will follow Thomas Nast's cartoons whipped the CLEPpublic into scorning Boss Tweed and demanding that he be brought to justice. When Boss Tweed was eventually sent to jail, Nast cheered Tweed's subject matter breakdown for questions:humiliation. This demonstrated the growing influence of political cartoons in changing the course of history.

:35% Shortly after the Civil War the Republicans won presidential elections easily. But the presidential contest of questions are on politics1876 was virtually a tie, such as and former Ohio Governor Rutherford B. Hayes was able to win only due to a post-election deal between the President, Congress Republican and government policy:25% on social developmentsDemocratic Parties. The deal, such as slaverymentioned in the last lecture, Utopian communities, religious and reform movements:15% on intellectual and cultural developments, such was for the Republicans to end Reconstruction in the South in exchange for the Democrats agreeing to the swearing in of Hayes as books President. Hayes served for only one term. He was considered a "moderate" and inventions:15% on foreign policy, such as foreign warsthe Hayes Administration was uneventful. To its credit, treaties and diplomacy:10% on economics, such as inflation, taxes, and protective tariffsit was free of the scandals that plagued the Grant Administration before him.

In terms of the time period, only 30% just after the end of the first CLEP exam (through Reconstruction) is devoted to , many African Americans moved away from discrimination in the beginning of time to 1789. So do not start with that period and burn out before you study South towards the period of 1790 to 1877Midwest, where 70% of the questions are fromespecially Kansas. Do not waste too much time studying exploration, settlement and colonial America! Perhaps only 10% of These migrants are known as the CLEP exam (and our exam) will cover that period. Students often make a big mistake in preparation by not allocating their study time properly. Avoid that mistake and spend your study time wisely"Exodusters".

== Preparation Most of our images from the Civil War period and Testafterward are from pictures taken by Mathew Brady, the greatest photographer of the 19th century. Born in Albany, New York, he learned to make daguerreotypes<ref>A daguerreotype is an early type of imaging that was direct onto a silver surface, and which does not allow copying.</ref> when he was about 15 years old and went on to take portrait pictures of many Civil War soldiers and most prominent Americans for the rest of his life.<ref>http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/brady/bradcont.html</ref> Brady maintained studios in New York City and Washington, D.C., but also struggled through financial failures in his self-Taking Tips ==employed business. The photograph of Thomas Edison below was taken by Mathew Brady.

A concept similar to "time is money" applies to studying for exams. You will spend a certain amount of time preparing for America was not the midterm exam. Call that total amount origin of time "x"major religions, or even most great ideas like free enterprise. How you allocate that time to different areas of the overall time period (1500-1877) will make a difference on how well you do on America was not the examplace where most scientific breakthroughs occurred. If you spend 90% of x on America has not been the period between 1500 and 1700leader in great writers, then you will do poorly on 90% of the questions, because they will be from the period 1700 to 1877or great statesmen. You would have done far better to spend the 90% Most of x on the time period concepts that will have 90% been so successful in America, like the "separation of powers" structure in the questionsConstitution, are based on insights that originated in Europe.

How hard you try while taking the exam will also count towards your score. It helps immensely to identify the time period of a history question before trying to answer it. In doing thisIndeed, it helps is not easy to know which presidents served whenname what did originate in America. You can memorize a list of presidents if you preferNot democracy.<ref>See [[Presidents Virtually none of the United States]].</ref> Or maybe you can figure it out great physicists, mathematicians, composers, writers, or other great thinkers came from what you learned in the lecturesAmerica. Test yourself: who was president What, if anything, is so special about America in its place in 1842?<ref>[[John Tyler]]</ref> Who was the president in 1826world?<ref>[[John Quincy Adams]]</ref>

There will be several cartoons on the exam. Realize that cartoons are a way for someone to describe facts with a point of viewThe answer, in order to make a political statementtwo words, is "Yankee ingenuity. " The cartoonist uses caricatures Virtually all great inventions since about 1776 came from America, and draws situations in order to express these creations of man have brought the world a point of viewwealth beyond all imagination. The key to deciphering cartoons is to pay close attention to detail, to pick up all the clues.

Many students make America creates, and the mistake rest of answering a cartoon question too quicklythe world copies. A cartoon The Encyclopedia Britannica, which is a mysterythe leading encyclopedia, like an unsolved crime. As soon as a cop arrives on a crime scenelisted the greatest inventions in the history of the world along with the originating country, he does not jump and by far the highest percentage are attributed to a conclusion about who committed the crimeUnited States. He gathers all the evidence<ref>http://corporate. He considers possibilitiesbritannica. com/press/inventions.html</ref> He wants an explanation For example, the Encyclopedia Britannica lists 29 inventions for the United Kingdom, but that fits all includes useless and even harmful creations like cloning, as well as other inventions that predate the factsUnited States such as carbonated soft drinks (which are also not particularly productive). He looks for a motiveThe United States, meanwhile, is credited with over five times as many inventions: 170. Approach cartoons the same wayAll other countries are even further behind America and Britain in inventions.

More generallyThe American invention of the cotton gin in 1792 illustrates how inventions create wealth. Previously, look for a purpose to every questionthe separation of cotton from cotton seeds required backbreaking labor by many men (often slaves). Develop But the U.S. Constitution has a sense or "ear" unique clause that authorizes Congress to grant special rights of ownership to inventors for historical purpose a period of time, in these exams. Prefer order to give them an answer choice that adds historical meaning and purpose incentive to a questioninvent:<ref>Art. I, Sec. 8, http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.articlei.html#section8</ref>

Often there are maps to read on history exams, and here is a tip for them: before To promote the Civil War there was no West Virginia. If you see West Virginia on a mapprogress of science and useful arts, then it was after by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the Civil War started.<br><br>'''Above all, understand a question before trying exclusive right to answer it!'''their respective writings and discoveries

== Tip on Organizing Soon after the Material ==Constitution was ratified in 1788, the first Congress passed the first patent law in 1790 to encourage Americans to invent useful devices,<ref>http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa073100a.htm</ref> and ever since Americans have been doing exactly that. The inventor makes money for himself because no one else may copy his invention for 20 years without paying him for it, and the public benefits from how the inventions save time and money in performing useful tasks.

We have covered Within a great deal few years of material spanning hundreds the ratification of yearsthe U. We need to try S. Constitution and passage of the first patent law, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which was a machine that replaced the hard labor of 50 men to organize all these facts in our minds somehowseparate cotton from cotton seeds. Develop He received a frame of reference patent (which is sole ownership and a right to do thisprohibit copying) for his invention beginning in 1794. You can choose whatever frame Whitney became wealthier due to his creation as people paid him for the right to make and use his invention; southern plantations became wealthier from his invention because it reduced their costs; and the entire public became wealthier because the price of reference you likeclothes containing cotton decreased due to the lower costs. For me, my frame of reference in remembering each president This is to think about how conservative he wasan invention creates wealth for the world. Every few decades we have a conservative president:

1788 – [[George Washington]]<br>1816 – [[James Monroe]]<br>1884 – [[Grover Cleveland]] (a conservative Democrat who was pro-goldSeveral of the most important inventions concerned communications, anti-unionwhich created wealth by reducing the costs of exchanging information, and anti-government-spending)<br>1920 – [[Warren Harding]]<br>1980 – [[Ronald Reagan]]increasing the amount of information available. In 1831, an American scientist named Joseph Henry invented the first electric telegraph, which enabled communication across distances by using codes to represent letters.

Then I fill in Soon thereafter, the other presidents American Samuel Morse created Morse code to standardize the codes used (1835), and then in between1843 he invented the first long distance electric telegraph line. This enabled the sending and receiving of messages almost instantaneously over long distances, without having to wait for someone to travel the distance. Morse is often credited with reasons why they were inventing telegraphy because he made it practical. In 1844 he sent first long-distance telegraphic message: "What hath God wrought?"<ref>http://www.thehomeschoolmagazine.com/How_To_Homeschool/articles/234.php</ref> Obviously this greatly increased the ability of people to communicate with each other, and for businesses to communicate their needs and purchases. This was not so conservativelike the internet yet, but it was a tremendous improvement over sending letters by U.S. Mail, which could take weeks if the distance was long. The Pony Express was not even available then; it was first established in 1861 to try to speed up mail delivery.

For exampleIn 1866, after four attempts, Thomas Jefferson was not particularly conservative because he was slightly opposed to religion in government; unsuccessfully fought the Tripoli War; continued some of Alexander Hamilton's big government programs (like transatlantic cable established permanent communication with Europe based on laying a national bank); and imposed cable on the Embargo Act against trade with Europeocean floor. You may find this approach helpful in organizing and remembering all of American History since George Washington. Or perhaps you have your own approach for keeping This facilitated trade between the presidents straightcontinents, and organizing historical events. The point is to find something that ''works for you'', and then use it to master the materialhelped families communicate with grandparents back in Europe.

A key part of success on an exam -- and :Unlike others, who spoke to Mrs. Bell through her ear tube, Aleck chose to communicate with her by speaking in life -- is learning how low, sonorous tones very close to motivate yourselfher forehead. The top scores on the midterm exam will probably not Young Aleck surmised that his mother would be by students who like history able to "hear" him through the mostvibrations his vocal intonations would make. It will likely be by students who motivate themselves This early insight would prove significant as Alexander Graham Bell went on to develop more elaborate theories regarding the most in order characteristics of sound waves. It would also lend rationale to succeedBell's opinions as to how the deaf could be assimilated into a world of sound.

We saw an example In Boston, 100 years after the Declaration of motivation in connection with Independence, Bell spoke the original Jamestown settlement in 1607. At first, nobody wanted sentence over the telephone to workhis assistant Watson: "Watson, come here; I want you."[[Image:Edison and phonograph.jpg|right]]But just as John the settlement Baptist was failingimmediately followed by someone far greater, Jesus, Alexander Graham Bell was immediately followed by someone far greater, Thomas Edison (pictured to the right with one of his inventions, the phonograph). Grown men were spending When Thomas was 7 years old, Mrs. Edison put him in the afternoons playing games local public school. The public school teacher was irritated by Edison's curiosity and questions, and aggravated by his failure to follow directions like the rest of bowling rather than workingthe class. The teacher concluded that Edison was incapable of learning,<ref>Specifically, the teacher thought that Edison's brain had been "scrambled" or "addled".</ref> and after merely three months the teacher told young Edison's mother that her son was an idiot.

Then John Smith arrivedMrs. Edison was furious at the teacher and the public school. She immediately pulled young Thomas out of school and never sent him back. She then homeschooled him by reading from the Bible, and he had his father encouraged young Thomas to read the classics. Young Thomas became a simple means voracious reader and, by the age of motivation: those who do not work12, do not eatbecame interested in science, chemistry and the works of Isaac Newton. Do you think people started working Young Thomas also became an entrepreneur as a teenager, first publishing a newspaper and then? Of coursememorizing Morse Code so that he could get a job transmitting messages over the telegraph by age 15. And they were much happier He had a tremendous "work ethic," putting in 12-hour work days, 6 days a week, and healthier for itthen inventing in his spare time. His famous quotes include:<ref>http://quotations.about.com/od/stillmorefamouspeople/a/ThomasEdison2.htm</ref>

Sometimes adults still use that motivation of putting off meals until work *Genius is finishedone per cent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. There are also other effective motivational techniques*Everything comes to him that hustles while he waits. Take something you enjoy*I never did anything by accident, such as watching a sports game, and deprive yourself nor did any of it until you finish your my inventions come by accident; they came by work. You will enjoy the game better that way*Our greatest weakness lies in giving up. Or, on the The most positive side, learn certain way to reward yourself for hard worksucceed is always to try just one more time.

This homeschooler changed the world, and was ranked by Life magazine as the most influential person in the entire world over the ''last millennium'' (1000 years). Known as the "Wizard of Menlo Park," which is a town in northern New Jersey next to the town named after him (Edison), Edison did his best work in New Jersey. One historian wrote about him:<ref name== Key Terms Through Reconstruction =="Edison">From "The Heroes Of The Age: Electricity And Man," http://www.thomasedison.com/biography.html</ref>

Listed below are the key terms :Thomas Edison was more responsible than any one else for creating the first half of American history (through Reconstruction)modern world ... The highlighted terms are the most important, and the ones for students to focus on first. The non-highlighted terms are No one did more for the students in to shape the "honors" portion physical/cultural makeup of this coursepresent day civilization.... Accordingly, he was the most influential figure of the millennium.

Any of these terms may appear on the exams in this course. Several of our students are already planning Edison's inventions (from 1875 to take the CLEP exam, and anyone doing that should know as many about 1900) include most of these terms as possible.modern technology:

This list * an ''automated'' telegraph system* a mouthpiece transmitter to make the telephone practical* an office copying machine (mimeograph)* a stock ticker for Wall Street* the phonograph (record player) (1877) (Edison is not as daunting as it appears. Homeschoolers who win shown with his phonograph in the spelling bees memorize picture on the entire dictionaryprior page)* a practical light bulb (1879)<ref>In 1879, which is tens of thousands of words. This list is only about 321 terms. A homeschooler like Abraham Lincoln or Thomas Edison would diligently memorize and know the meaning of all invented the terms on this listlight bulb in Menlo Park, not because they are smarterNew Jersey, but because they believed in trying their bestwhere there is a monument to his honor and a small museum. You can try your best -- everyone can -- By 1882, Edison was able to light up New York City, and you can find lots of time for this that is otherwise wastedby 1898 there were 3,000 electrical generators nationwide.</ref>* the electric power station (1882)* the industrial research laboratory* motion pictures (movies) (1889)* fluoroscopes (used for X-rays today)

The list below can be used effectively to quiz yourself. Pick out any termSelf-employed, Edison created one marvelous invention after another, and try to identify its time period and who was Presidentacquiring more than 1300 U. Does the term refer to foreign policy (eS.g., dealings with a and foreign country) or domestic policy (epatents throughout his life.g., an issue internal to the United States)? Even if you donThe wealth generated by Edison't recall immediately the meaning of the term, try to figure it out based on what you do knows work is unfathomable.

Quizzing yourself in this manner will both improve your test-taking skills, and identify for yourself what you need A biographer credited Edison's "highly individualistic style of acquiring knowledge that eventually led him to study morequestion scores of the prevailing theories on the workings of electricity. "<ref name="Edison"/> Use the short descriptions for these terms Edison's success was not caused by any special advantages: his family was poor and Edison himself was nearly totally deaf. Imagine that will be handed out in class : the inventor of the phonograph (and which is also available by email - contact me if you would like an electronic copyrecord player)was deaf! Edison said, or refer back to "Of all my inventions, I liked the lectures and phonograph best."<ref>http://www.phmuseum.org/depot/tour/phonograph.htm</ref> In the model answerspicture of him on the prior page, he cannot fully hear what his own invention is playing. We should remember that the next time we resort to excuses for not accomplishing what we could have.

As in baseball and in sales in business, simply try to improve your percentages. If you know only 10% One of the terms belowEdison's sons, try to improve that to 40%. If you know 50%Charles, then try to improve that to 75%. If you know 70%, then strive for 90%. Just as became a batter in baseball should not be discouraged by failing 2 out conservative governor of 3 times at batNew Jersey and was later a co-founder of the Conservative Party of New York, you should not be discouraged by low initial percentages on this key term listwhich remains active today. Try to improve your percentages. With effort, you'll amaze yourself at how much better you can become. Your classmates will be working hard on this, and do not let them pass you up!

One approach to improving your knowledge There were other marvelous inventions and engineering feats in the second half of these key terms is to type or write out short descriptions of each onethe 19th century. There are only 321 terms. If you took 2 minutes for each one that you did not knowThe Brooklyn Bridge, then which still stands today on the east side of lower Manhattan (connecting it would take you only 1 hour to complete 30with Brooklyn), is a cable suspension bridge that was completed in 1883. In one day you could cover nearly the entire listIt was remarkable at its time, and you would not likely forget them for a long, long timeheralded in many new suspension bridges to span across many American waterways. Typing or writing out Soon the meaning of something in one's own words has Brooklyn Bridge enabled the effect transportation of really burning it into one's memory. I still recall lines from Shakespeare 33 million persons a year, and that I wrote out by hand when I was in before the eighth gradearrival of automobiles! You can use the term list description handout to help you.

Our first through sixth Lectures should have covered all of of the following termsNot every invention was American, except but often the Lectures did overlook the Newburgh Conspiracy Americans (or Address"Yankees")are best at making a creation practical and most productive. That was a plot among officers Henry Bessemer of the Continental Army (the colonial Patriots fighting in the Revolutionary War) to hold England invented a military coup and establish martial law in order to obtain back pay that means for converting molten pig iron into valuable steel, which was owed to them by Congress for their military servicecalled the "Bessemer process. " The plot came to a climax when they angrily met on March 15, 1783, and were surprised process removes impurities from the molten iron by an unexpected appearance by George Washingtonoxidizing it with air that is blown through it. He gave a short speech, but In the officers were still still angry1870s Americans built steel mills, and lacking particularly in the respect that they usually gave Pennsylvania, to their esteemed leader. Washington then pulled a letter from his pocket from a member take advantage of the Second Continental Congressthis process and produce large quantities of steel. But Washington was unable Those steel mills brought wealth to read the letter without his reading glassesPennsylvania for a century, until cheaper labor in Asia and in a miraculous moment lack of powerful emotion, he declared, "Gentlemen, you will permit me to put on my spectacles, for I have not only grown gray but almost blind in protective tariffs drove the service American mills out of my country." Many of the officers were suddenly moved to tears in the realization that Washingtonbusiness, like themselves, had sacrificed much for the country. Washington then read the letter from Congress, and the officers subsequently abided by Congress's own timetable for paying themleaving Pennsylvania depressed today.

== The Newburgh Conspiracy is a good story. But develop a sensitivity or "ear" for the '''historical significance''' Election of each event or story in history class. Why is this particular story important in the history of our nation? The answer is this: this event confirmed civilian authority over the military. Congress, a civilian authority, decides if and when to pay the soldiers. The soldiers have the guns, but they must submit to the civilian authority of Congress.1880 ==

{| class="wikitable"|-| American Indians| '''Thomas Paine/Common Sense'''| Utopian communities|-| Meso-America| Valley Forge| Examples The marvelous inventions of Utopian groups|-| Europe: Crusades| Franco-American Alliance| '''Women's Rights/Seneca Falls'''|-| '''Christopher Columbus'''| '''Declaration the 1870s led up to a very interesting presidential election in 1880. The race of Independence'''1876 had been a virtual tie, and the general election in 1880 was nearly as close, with only 10,000 separating the winner (the Republican) from the loser (the Democrat).| Shakers|-| Treaty The Republican Party had a difficult time choosing its nominee for president. There was an historic stalemate and deadlock during the Republican National Convention when the delegates attempted to make a selection. Former President Ulysses S. Grant wanted to become president again, despite having served two terms. His main rival was a powerful Republican Senator from Maine, James Blaine. A third candidate, John Sherman of Tordesillas| '''Articles Ohio, also ran. None was able to obtain a majority of Confederation'''| William Lloyd Garrison|the delegates despite dozens of ballots (mini-| elections) cast by the delegates. James Garfield went to the convention without any desire to be considered for president, and sought to support his fellow Ohioan John CabotSherman.| Treaty of Paris| American Antislavery Society|-| Ponce de Leon| Newburgh Conspiracy| Horace Mann/Public Education|-| Hernando Cortes| Land Ordinance The big issue in 1880 was the "spoils system," which was an important part of 1785| Liberty Party|-| Stthe political "machines" common at the time. Augustine The view of many politicians, Florida| '''Northwest Ordinance from President Andrew Jackson to President Ulysses S. Grant, was that the victor in an election should be able to "clean house" and install his supporters in the new Administration. Under the "spoils system" or "patronage system," the winner of 1787'''| Mormon Church|-| Santa Fean election gets to hand out government jobs to his supporters. "To the victors go the spoils, New Mexico" is the famous saying for this. | Annapolis Convention| Emerson The "Stalwarts" in the Republican Party favored the spoils system, which insured that holdovers who disagreed with the winner would be fired and Thoreau|everyone in the new Administration would agree with the new leader. These Stalwarts included former Radical Republicans. Opposed to the Stalwarts were moderates like Blaine and Garfield, who wanted a civil service system where a government employee would keep his job even after a new leader is elected. They sought so-| League called "reform" of Iroquois| Shay's Rebellion| ''Commonwealth vthe spoils system to stop the corruption that a spoils system might lead to. Hunt''|-| Sir Humphrey Gilbert| '''Constitutional Convention of 1787'''| Seventh Day Adventist Church|-| Roanoke Island (After many "ballots"Lost Colony(mini-elections) among the delegates at the 1880 Republican National Convention, Blaine realized he could not win. He and Sherman then withdrew their candidacies and threw their support behind a "dark horse" candidate, James Garfield. At first Garfield refused to be a candidate, but delegates elected (nominated)him anyway, on the 36th ballot! The delegates had met for days in a hot summer convention center in Chicago, without air conditioning, and debated and voted 36 times before nominating James Garfield, who was a former Union general and a current Republican congressman.| Virginia Plan| Elizabeth Blackwell|-| Spanish Florida| But Stalwarts, like a powerful Republican Party Senator from New Jersey PlanYork, Roscoe Conkling, supported the "spoils system" and opposed Garfield and Blaine over it. To appease the Stalwarts and try to earn their support, Garfield picked a Stalwart, Chester Arthur, as his running mate (Vice President). | Oregon Trail|Garfield, however, did not compromise after he was sworn into office. He appointed an anti-| Spanish Armada| Connecticut Plan| '''Texas secedes from Mexico'''|Stalwart and arch-| Samuel de Champlain| bill rival of attainderSenator Conkling to run the New York Customs House, which was a key position that Conkling had expected to fill based on patronage. Garfield insulted Conkling in order to establish that the president had control over these positions based on merit, rather than local senators based on patronage. | Gag rule|-| Virginia Company| 'Conkling contested this nomination and tried to block it in the U.S. Senate. Conkling even arranged for the Senate to confirm all of Garfield''Federalist Papers'''| '''John Tyler'''|-| '''Jamestown s uncontested nominations except this one; Garfield responded by withdrawing all those other nominations except the one that Conkling opposed! That forced the other senators to choose between Conkling and all the other nominees, who were friends of other senators. Conkling, having been checkmated, resigned in protest in the expectation that he would be reappointed by the New York legislature to his position. Fed up, however, the New York legislature refused to reappoint him (Virginiain those days U.S. Senators were picked by the legislatures rather than elected by the people), and Conkling was gone from the Senate. The issue had thereby been resolved in Garfield'''s favor and against the Stalwarts.<ref>http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jg20.html</ref>| bicameral legislature| Elijah Lovejoy|-| economic system of Jamestown| '''George But then tragedy struck Garfield. On July 2, 1881, in a railroad station in Washington'''| Webster, D.C., an embittered attorney, who had unsuccessfully sought a consular post, shot President Garfield. Garfield then lived for several weeks as experts from around the country examined his wound, and tried to get the bullet out. Garfield even asked Alexander Graham Bell to develop a device (an induction-Ashburton Treaty|-|"Starving time"| balance electrical gadget) to find the bullet. Nothing worked, and all the doctors who probed Garfield'''Judiciary Act s wound had the effect of 1789'''infecting him. This was before doctors took better care to sterilize instruments and wash their hands to kill the germs.| '''James Polk'''|Garfield was removed to the "Jersey Shore" (ocean-| Henry Hudson| full ratification front property along the coast of ConstitutionNew Jersey) to recuperate. This helped at first, but ultimately an infection in the wound killed him on September 19, 1881, when he died from an internal hemorrhage. | '''Manifest Destiny'''|-| House of Burgesses| HamiltonThe assassination shocked the country and discredited the Stalwarts. Vice President Chester Arthur, who was Garfield's report on running mate in order to appease the Stalwarts, had never been elected to any public creditoffice before, and was never elected to one afterward either! He had been an abolitionist and a New York attorney. Historians view him as being ineffective as a president, which is not surprising given his lack of experience for the position. | '''Texas enters Union'''|-| Jamestown's The Democratic Party next won big in the congressional elections of 1882, by advocating reform of the patronage or "cash cropspoils system." President Arthur then abandoned the Stalwarts and established a civil service system whereby the victor cannot fire and replace government workers with his supporters. Specifically, President Arthur signed into law the Pendleton Act in 1883, which established an examination system for federal jobs. It also established the Civil Service Commission, which is a bipartisan committee to administer federal exams. Those who supported "reform"| Hamilton's report on manufacturers| Slidell Mission|-| '''First slaves'''| First Bank of the United Statesgovernment employment system declared victory.| Oregon Treaty|-| Plymouth Bay Colony| '''Bill of RightsDebate: Do you support a "spoils system" or a "civil service system"?'''| '''Wilmot Proviso'''|-== The Grange Movement ==| '''Mayflower Compact'''| cotton ginNot everyone in America was happy with Republican dominance in the White House, and unregulated free enterprise in the economy. Many farmers, for example, felt that railroads were charging prices that were too high. From 1867 to 1874, there was a political movement for States to regulate the prices charged by railroads, which was led by "Granger" politicians. A leader in "The Grange Movement" was Oliver Kelley, a former official in the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Initially the Grange was devoted to social gatherings and educational programs for farmers, who otherwise had a somewhat isolated and tedious lifestyle. | Iowa enters Union|-| economic system In many ways farmers in the 1870s were like homeschoolers today: divided and lacking in political force. The Grange Movement attempted to change that. When there was a financial crisis known as the Panic of Plymouth1873, Massthe Grange surged in popularity among farmers who had too much debt and faced expensive rates to ship their goods on the railroads.| federal assumption Popularity grew in the farm States of state debts| '''Mexican War'''|-| difference between English & Spanish| '''Washington's Neutrality Proclamation'''| Spot Resolutions|-| Powhatan Confederacy| Citizen Genet| '''Treaty Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois, and the Grangers were able to pass "Granger laws" to regulate the railroads and storage facilities for the benefit of Guadalupe Hidalgo'''|farmers.<ref>http://www.u-| '''Mercantilism'''| '''Jay's Treaty'''| Barnburners|-history.com/pages/h854.html</ref>| '''Royal Colony'''| Executive Privilege The owner of President| '''Zachary Taylor'''|-| Charter Colony| a grain elevator (which charges farmers to store their grain) fought an Illinois Granger law all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court in ''Chisholm Munn v. GeorgiaIllinois''| Gold , decided in California|-| Joint-Stock Colony| 1876. That decision upheld the power of States to regulate (lower or limit increases in) the rates charged by grain warehouses or any other public facility made available for the general public good, such as railroads. This ruling in favor of the farmers energized the populist movement. But a subsequent lawsuit brought by the railroads to challenge State regulation of railroad contracts, the ''Wabash'Whiskey Rebellion'case (1886), invalidated the State regulation and put the farmers back to square one (powerless to regulate). The ''| Wabash'''Millard Fillmore'''|-| Proprietary Colony| Pinckney's Treaty| '''Compromise case led to the federal government ultimately intervening in favor of 1850'''the farmers by creating the Interstate Commerce Commission in the Interstate Commerce Act (1887). This new federal agency, known by its initials as the "ICC", regulates railroad rates and the terms of use in its contracts with the public.|-| Massachusetts Bay Company| '''Washington's Farewell Address''The Grange Movement reached its zenith (peak) in 1875. It then began to decline as its activists started more powerful organizations: the Greenback Party (in the 1870s), the Farmers'Alliances (in the 1880s) and the Populist Party (in the 1890s, which eventually joined with the Democratic Party).| '''Fugitive Slave Act'''|-| '''PuritansDebate: Do you think government should be able to set the rates charged by railroads and other "public facilities"?'''| Quids| Minnesota == Big Business and Oregon join USBig Oil ==|-| Puritans compared The railroads and grain elevators were not the only types of "big business" that began to Pilgrims| '''John Adams'''| Economy generate wealth while also aggravating ordinary Americans. The biggest and wealthiest business of South all, perhaps in 1850sthe entire history of mankind, was built by John D. Rockefeller to control the production and supply of oil.|-| Great Migration| '''XYZ Affair'Oil has been used since the Ancient Greeks learned to pour it into the sea and then set fire to it in order to defend against attacking fleets of ships. Noah may have used thick oil (called "pitch") to waterproof Noah's ark. Moses'basket may have been made waterproof using oil, just as American Indians used it to waterproof canoes.<ref name="Oil">http://www.seed.slb.com/qa2/FAQView.cfm?ID=906</ref>| Clayton-Bulwer Treaty|-| Virginia But the first modern oil well was in Pennsylvania, when Colonel Edwin L. Drake drilled down 72 feet near Titusville (just east of Pittsburgh) and struck "Oil Creek." Oil production there started in 1859. That oil sold for $40 a barrel (note that a dollar was worth far more then), so oil was even more expensive then than it is today! It was used for medicine, as Royal Colonythere were no cars then.<ref name="Oil"/>| '''Alien and Sedition Acts'''| Clipper ships|-| Maryland| '''Virginia A devout Christian who abandoned public high school before finishing,<ref>When John D. Rockefeller later had children of his own, he and Kentucky Resolves'''| German his wife homeschooled them until age ten. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/44035/john_d_rockefeller_jr.html</ref> John D. Rockefeller had just started his first job a few years earlier. He developed a tremendous work ethic, and Irish immigration|-| Connecticut| Undeclared naval war was immediately attracted to the discovery of oil in 1859. He quickly entered the business and hooked up with France| Perryan inventor who knew how to cheaply refine the oil into something usable. By 1870 Rockefeller founded Standard Oil Company, and then began pursuing highly aggressive business tactics to drive out competitors and consolidate his control (monopolize the industry).<ref name="Rockefeller">http:/Japan|/www.u-| Rhode Island| Adam's "midnight judges"| Ostend Manifesto|-history.com/pages/h957.html</ref> | Pequot War|In 1882, Rockefeller formed a new type of business entity called the "'''Revolution trust", and named it the Standard Oil Trust of 1800'''Ohio. But ten years later a decision by the Ohio Supreme Court forced him to break up his Trust into 20 smaller businesses. In 1899 he formed a holding company for all his businesses in the name of Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. By 1911 it controlled an astounding 95% of the entire oil industry, but then the U.S. Supreme Court forced Rockefeller to break up it up into smaller pieces and separately controlled companies, one of which became Exxon. Rockefeller then retired and devoted the remainder of his long life to philanthropy (giving away his money to charitable causes).<ref name="Rockefeller"| Transatlantic cable/telegraph>|-| '''Colonies settled 1607-39'''| '''Thomas Jefferson'''|Rockefeller became perhaps the wealthiest man in the history of the world. Predictably, people became jealous and his competitors sometimes lost their businesses. Many politicians became determined to break up his huge company, and many critics accused him or his employees of engaging in illegal activities, even bribes, to build his business empire. But other industries began to follow his example, and large industrial companies formed "'''Uncle Tom's Cabin'''trusts"|-| Congregational Church| Tripoli War| '''Know-Nothing (Americana type of monopoly) Party'''to control sugar, lead, beef and even whiskey. |-| Anne Hutchinson| '''Congress ultimately passed the Sherman Antitrust Act to prohibit monopolization and "restraint of trade," or interference with competition, in 1890. This law was sponsored by Senator John MarshallSherman of Ohio (a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in 1880 and the brother of General William Sherman). The Sherman Antitrust Act was not what broke up Rockefeller's oil empire, because in 1895 the Supreme Court weakened the law by upholding a powerful Sugar Trust, in ''| Franklin Pierce|-| '''Roger Williams'''| '''''Marbury U.S. v. MadisonKnight Co.'''''| '''Kansas-Nebraska The Sugar Trust controlled 98% of the sugar market, and the Supreme Court allowed it to continue. Despite being weakened, the Sherman Antitrust Act'''remains a very important law that is used frequently today.|-| United Colonies of New England| Lewis The controversy about Rockefeller and Clarkmonopolies divides free enterprise thinkers. Some insist that the free market will deal with monopolies adequately. Others say that monopolies are an impediment to free market competition and should be broken up by the government. | '''Republican PartyDebate: Should government break up monopolies?'''|-| Toleration Act Good or bad, Rockefeller was part of 1649| 'a huge economic boom that began before the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and continued through 1900. There was an increase in America''Burr-Hamilton Duel'''| early leaders s "gross domestic product," which is the total output (in dollars) of Republican Partyall the goods and services produced by labor and property located our country. It is basically how much our entire country is producing, valued in dollars. When we are prosperous it increases, and when we are in a depression it goes down or does not increase as much.|-| '''Fundamental Orders By the late 1800s the wealthiest city in the United States was Williamsport, Pennsylvania, which was the center of Connecticut'''the profitable lumber industry. Now it is best known for hosting the Little League World Series!| '''British Orders in Council'''| == The "'''Bleeding Kansas'''Gilded Age"==|-| Religious Persecution in MassIn our last lecture we introduced the term the "Gilded Age," which was first coined by an extremely successful writer from Missouri, Mark Twain (his real name was Samuel Clemens).| '''Chesapeake Affair''' He described the era towards the end of the 1880s as "gilded" because it appeared golden, but beneath the shiny surface was greed, corruption and hardship. Mark Twain wrote a novel by that name in which Washington, D.C. was run by greedy businessmen and corrupt government officials. (LeopardMark Twain wrote several other influential novels, including "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," describing a fictional journey on a raft on the Mississippi). |'''John Brown's attack'''|-The Gilded Age featured "robber barons," who were people who became extremely wealthy through ruthless business practices. The worst"“robber baron" was Jay Gould, a financier on Wall Street who committed rampant fraud by printing false stock certificates to defraud investors. He even tried to corner the gold market in 1869. That led to a financial panic known as Black Friday. After Gould drove up the price of gold by hoarding it, President Grant learned of the scheme and started selling the government gold reserves on the market to cause the price to fall. The price of gold then fell sharply, and many lost everything they had. Gould, however, had sold out at the highest price!| New Amsterdam| Embargo Act| BrooksThere were also phenomenal successes during this era. Andrew Carnegie, immigrated from Scotland without any money and ended up with massive wealth from founding the Carnegie Steel Co. (later became U.S. Steel Co.). He amassed a fortune that he then donated to build structures like Carnegie Hall, Carnegie-Sumner incident|-| Mellon University, and the enormous New JerseyYork Public Library (plus 2800 other public libraries). He wrote the "Gospel of Wealth" in 1900 to describe his vision of capitalism.| Nonintercourse Act| Clara Barton|-| Carolina| Harrison at Tippecanoe Creek| James Buchanan|-| King Philip's War| ''Debate: it wasn'James Madisont the "Gilded Age," it was the "Golden Age!" Agree?'''| Panic of 1857<br>|-| '''Bacon's RebellionDebate: do you support "caveat emptor," or government regulation of monopolies and robber barons?'''| British burn Washington== Bimetallism == Under the Grant Administration, Dgold was the only standard for money: debts were payable in gold, and paper money could be exchanged at any time for a fixed amount of gold.C This prevented inflation because the amount of gold in the world was small and nearly constant.| But from about 1878 to the end of the century there was strong pressure to return the nation's standard for money to Alexander Hamilton''''Dred Scott vs "bimetallism", under which money and debts were based on two metals rather than one (gold and silver). Sanford''''' Because gold had been the standard, advocating "bimetallism" meant adding a silver standard to the gold standard. |-| Pennsylvania| StarTwo forces drove this pro-Spangled Bannersilver or "free silver" movement: Westerners had discovered silver mines so they wanted the silver to become more valuable, and farmers wanted more money available in order to cause inflation to increase the prices for their goods and lower the real cost of their debts to the banks. | Lecompton Constitution|-| Quaker beliefs| Treaty Westerns and Southerners arranged for passage of Ghent| Lincolnthe Bland-Douglas Debates|Allison Act in 1878, which required the government to purchase $2-| Colonies with most religious freedom| 4 million worth of silver each month. In addition, a bill passed (over President Rutherford Hayes'veto) allowing for the free and unlimited coinage by the government of silver, such as silver dollars, at a ratio of 16 to 1 relative to gold. The government began minting silver dollars that are collectors''Hartford Convention'''| Freeport Doctrine items today (Freeport, ILand worth much more than one dollar now).|-| Charter But the price of Liberties| '''Battle silver fell as more was mined, because more of New Orleans'''something usually means it is less valuable. The monthly government purchases declined also. Deflation continued for the next ten years. $100 in 1878 was equivalent to only $84.43 in 1890. Imagine that! Deflation is devastating to farmers, as their income from goods decreases and their debts grow higher in real value.| John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry|Westerners wanted more silver purchased, and the debtors and farmers wanted inflation. They forced passage of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1890, which required even greater purchases by the government of silver. The Silver Purchase Act required the government to issue notes (like large-| Dominion denomination dollar bills) to purchase 4.4 million ounces of New England| Bonus silver each month, regardless of its value in dollars. The bill passed in a compromise with the Northerners, who obtained a high tariff at the same time through passage of the McKinley Tariff Bill|1860 Repub. Platform|-| Glorious Revolution But the notes used to buy the silver each month were redeemable in England| '''James Monroe''gold, which was more valuable than the increasingly plentiful silver. So pretty soon the public was demanding gold from the government in return for these new notes. This created a "run" on the government's gold reserves of our nation, with its total supply falling below $100 million and headed quickly towards zero.| '''Abraham Lincoln'''|-| Delaware| Rush-Bagot Agreement| Copperheads|-| Georgia| FultonThis became the Panic of 1893, and the Silver Purchase Act was repealed in order to stop the run on gold. An immensely wealthy Wall Street banker, J.P. Morgan, arranged for more gold to be imported from Europe to protect the government reserves. The "run" on the government's steamboatgold reserves then stopped.| 'There was a bestselling and influential pamphlet called "Coin''The Confederate States s Financial School" which was published just after the panic and economic depression of America'''|1893. In this fictional work, professor Coin lectures gold-| Middle Colonies| 'standard advocates on the benefits of monetizing silver at a 16:1 ratio. The pamphlet swept the country, much as Thomas Paine'Fletcher vs "Common Sense" had been so influential over a century earlier. Peck Coin's pamphlet laid the foundation for William Jennings Bryan'| Fort Sumter|s "Free Silver" presidential campaign in 1896 against pro-| Founding gold Republican William McKinley. Bryan, one of colleges the greatest orators in colonies| Cumberland (history, delivered his famous "Cross of Gold" speech to the Democratic National) RoadConvention in 1896:<ref name="Cross of Gold">http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5354/</ref>| '''Trent Affair'''|:There are two ideas of government. There are those who believe that if you just legislate to make the well-| Halfway Covenant| '''Protective Tariff'''| Confiscation Act|to-do prosperous, that their prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic idea has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous their prosperity will find its way up and through every class that rests upon it. ...| '''Triangular trade'''| Second Bank :If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we shall fight them to the uttermost, having behind us the producing masses of the Unation and the world.SHaving behind us the commercial interests and the laboring interests and all the toiling masses, we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.| '''Emancipation Proclamation'''|-| Salem Witchcraft Trials| John Jacob Astor| '''Radical Republicans''Reporters wrote that Bryan's remarkable speaking style for this speech "came like one great burst of artillery" and that "some, like demented things, divested themselves of their coats and flung them high in the air." Bryan was then selected by the delegates who heard this speech as the Democratic nominee for president on the next day.<ref name="Cross of Gold"/>|-| Scotch Irish== Unions and Immigrant Workers ==| Erie Canal| Sherman's march through Georgia|As the American economy grew, and businesses became more profitable, workers began to band together and "unionize" (create "unions"). A union is a group of workers at a factory or business who join together in order to negotiate better wages and working conditions. They acquire power in joining together, and they threaten to strike if the owner does not give in to their demands. In the early 1800s there were no unions and no strikes, but by the late 1800s workers began to see that they could increase their wages and improve their conditions by forming unions and threatening to strike. Today, Wal-Mart does everything it can to keep its workers from unionizing, and union organizations despise it for that reason.| '''Great Awakening'''| TecumsehFactory owners began hiring Chinese workers at lower wages, and unions objected to that. Factory owners would also import Chinese workers to "break a strike," and keep the factory operating despite the refusal of the regular employees to work. So quickly the unions became opposed to immigration from China.| Absentee Voting|-| 'From 1877 to 1880, the Workingmen''Jonathan Edwards'''| '''Era s Party existed with support by ordinary workers. It was socialistic (against capitalism) and opposed to immigration from China. Its leader was Dennis Kearney, who was actually imprisoned for provocative speeches. (Today the broad interpretation of Good Feelings'''the First Amendment prohibits such imprisonments.)| Southern Disunion|-| George Whitefield| Florida| Homestead In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Actwas enacted as a culmination of growing opposition to Chinese immigrants, who were thought to lower wages for workers. This Act banned the Chinese from immigrating to the United States, and was not repealed until 1943 when America sought Chinese cooperation in the war against Japan.|-| Some cities passed laws to frustrate efforts by Chinese to operate businesses in competition with Americans. San Francisco, for example, passed a law requiring laundries to be in only stone or brick buildings, which made it more difficult for the Chinese to open laundry businesses. But the Chinese challenged that law and took it to the U.S. Supreme Court, which invalidated the law and gave the victory to the Chinese in '''John Peter Zenger Case'''| ''Dartmouth College Yick Wo v. WoodwardHopkins''(1886).| Pacific Railway Act|In 1886, Samuel Gompers formed the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in order to demand limiting the workday to 8 hours and stop employers who required longer workdays. Initially this was a non-political organization, not aligned with either political party. By 1901 it had 1 million members. The Knights of Labor, another labor group in the 1880s, had 700,000 members at that time. So these labor groups were quite large.| Stono Rebellion| ''McCullough vIn 1886, workers at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. in Chicago began a strike in the hopes of shortening the workday to 8 hours. The company tried to break the strike by using new workers, and police were called in to protect the new workers. A fight broke out and one person was killed. Maryland''| Morrill Land Grant Act|Anarchists were anti-civilization extremists who sided with the unions, and the anarchists planned a large rally the next day to protest the alleged police brutality. They expected 20,000 to show up at the public Haymarket Square in Chicago, but actually only 1500 to 2000 were there, with the police there also. At one point a protester threw a pipe bomb at the policemen, and its explosion killed seven policemen and injured more than 60 others. The police then fired into the crowd, and killed four.| King William's War| Adams-Onis Treaty| '''ProclEight anarchists were tried for conspiracy to commit murder; seven were convicted, and four were hanged in November 1887. This was a huge embarrassment for the union movement, which did include many socialists and anarchists. It caused a delay in acceptance of Amnesty the eight-hour workday, and Reconstruction'''|many workers left the Knights of Labor to join the more moderate American Federation of Labor.<ref>http://www.u-| Queen Anne's War| Tallmadge Amendment| Sioux Wars|-history.com/pages/h750.html</ref>| '''Salutary Neglect'''| ''Despite the fact that radicals killed policemen in the Haymarket Square riots, radicals in 1969 (including Barack Obama'Missouri Compromise'''| Wade-Davis s friend BillAyers) detonated a bomb to destroy a statute honoring the fallen policemen. The mayor of Chicago correctly criticized it as an attack on law and order.<ref>Bill Ayers, "Fugitive Days" at p. 176 (Beacon Press: Boston, Massachusetts 2001)</ref>|-| King George's War| ''Cohens vAnother violent conflict involving striking workers occurred near Pittsburgh in 1892. Called the Homestead Strike, guards hired by wealthy businessman Andrew Carnegie suppressed a strike by workers, and ten were killed in the conflict. Virginia''| Freedmen's Bureau|-| Albany Congress| Denmark Vesey| Appomattox Court House|-| Albany Plan The most aggressive leader of the labor movement was Eugene V. Debs, who headed the American Railway Union(railroad workers). Debs was jailed for leading strike against Pullman railroad cars in 1894 over wages. In 1895, in a case entitled "In re Debs," the U.S. Supreme Court upheld judicial power to prohibit strikes against railroads, and upheld the power of courts to jail those who disobey court orders and engage in strikes anyway (as Debs had).| '''Monroe Doctrine'''| '''Andrew JohnsonDebate: Are Unions a Good Thing?'''|-| '''French == Indians and Indian War'''the Frontier ==| '''John Marshall'''|''Conflicts with the Indians started to subside after "Custer'13ths Last Stand." There were bloody battles in 1877 between the U.S. Army and the Nez Perce, 14than Indian tribe led by Chief Joseph in Oregon and Idaho. This tribe did better against the U.S. Army than other tribes had, 15th Amendments'''but ultimately this tribe was relocated to Oklahoma just as many others had been. Oklahoma has by far the largest Indian population (by percentage) of any State.|-| Treaty Today there are 38 national historic sites in the northwest (Oregon, Washington, Montana and Idaho) in honor of Paristhe Nez Perce,<ref>http://www.nps.gov/nepe/</ref> which are frequently visited by tourists.| caucus| Black Codes|-| George III| '''John Quincy Adams''In 1881, a book was published that attempted to do for the Native Americans what "Uncle Tom's Cabin" did for African Americans. Called "A Century of Dishonor," it complained about and exposed unjust treatment of Indians by the United States. Its author was Helen Hunt Jackson.| Civil Rights In 1887, partly in reaction to this book, Congress enacted the Dawes Actto help Indians. This law granted landholdings (allotments, usually 160 acres or 65 hectares) to individual Native Americans, which replaced communal tribal holdings. In other words, this law attempted to convert the tribal structure of Indian life into the individualized private property system used by Europeans and most Americans. It sought to absorb tribe members into the general public.|This law was a complete failure. Within decades most of the tribal land had been transferred into ownership by non-Indians, and the Indians were worse off than they were before. This was an example of government trying to make something better, but actually making it worse.| '''Colonial economy in 1763'''| '''Andrew In 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that the frontier was settled and officially closed. The era of frontier America, which first began with the settlement at Jamestown, Virginia, and then spread westward for nearly 300 years, was finally over. Frederick Jackson'''Turner wrote in 1893 that frontier experience had promoted individualism and democracy. Do you agree?| '''carpetbaggers'''|-By the end of 1890, 44 States had been admitted to the United States. The only States that were not yet admitted into the United States were Utah, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, Alaska and Hawaii. They joined later.| Pontiac's Rebellion| Whigs== Tariffs and an Income Tax ==| Ku Klux Klan|-Recall that the tariffs were a cause of the Civil War: the North wanted higher protective tariffs, while the South opposed them. The Civil War resolved the dispute over slavery, but it did not resolve the dispute over tariffs. After the War, the North still supported higher tariffs and the South still opposed them. The West, particularly farmers, also opposed higher tariffs.| Louisiana territory| '''In 1890, the McKinley Tariff established the highest tariffs ever, but in a compromise it did make sugar "duty free" (no tariff on sugar). Other than sugar, prices increased on goods and products due to the higher tariffs. These higher tariffs reflected the continued dominance by the Republican Party, which controlled the White House in 1890 (Benjamin Harrison, the grandson of Abominations'''William Henry Harrison, was president). Partly due to public outrage over the higher tariffs, the Democratic Party won many seats in Congress in the 1890 elections after the McKinley Tariff was enacted.| Burlingame Treaty|In 1894, the Wilson-| British Proclamation Gorman Tariff and Income Tax Act passed, which added an income tax to even more tariffs. In the case of 1763| '''South Carolina Exposition Pollack v. Farmers Loan and ProtestTrust Company'''| '''Military Reconstruction , the Supreme Court declared the Income Tax Act'''unconstitutional because that particular direct tax did not apportion the tax by population as required by the Constitution.<ref>The U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 9, paragraph 4, states that "No Capitation [head], or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken."</ref><ref>The Supreme Court had allowed other types of taxes, such as an income tax during the Civil War and an inheritance tax. See http://www.reason.com/news/show/30860.html</ref> The Supreme Court decision required a constitutional amendment (the 16th Amendment) to be passed before allowing a direct taxation based purely on income without regard for population.|-| Sugar Act== The Conservative Democrat ==| Jackson's attitude towards Calhoun| '''Tenure After Chester Arthur served out the presidential term for the late James Garfield, Republicans were so unhappy with Arthur that they did not renominate him. Meanwhile, the Democratic Party -- which had not won a presidential election in nearly 30 years, turned to a conservative candidate from the Republican State of Office Act'''New York: Grover Cleveland. The Democrats hoped that by nominating Grover Cleveland they could pick up some Republican support and finally win a presidential election.|-| Currency Act| Maysville Road Veto| Command His opponent was the Republican Senator James Blaine from Maine, who was a moderate. Blaine is best known today for his opposition to funding by States of religiously affiliated schools (and particularly Catholic schools). In 1875, Blaine tried to amend the Army ActU.S. Constitution to prohibit States from providing any funding to religiously affiliated elementary and high schools. When that failed, his "Blaine Amendment" was incorporated into 36 State Constitutions, where they remain today and frustrate school voucher programs.<ref>http://pewforum.org/events/rss.php?EventID=194</ref> A recent effort in Florida to establish school vouchers and to repeal the Blaine Amendment there failed.|-| Stamp Act| Indian Removal| '''Impeachment Some key eastern Republicans opposed James Blaine in 1884 due to scandals, and supported Grover Cleveland for president instead. These Republicans were known as the "Mugwumps"; they felt Blaine could not be trusted, and they were probably right! The defection by the Mugwumps to support Cleveland enabled him to win his key home state of Johnson'''New York, despite its Republican tradition at the time. (Today New York is very Democratic.)|-| '''Stamp Act Crisis'''| Tom Thumb| '''Ulysses SThis strategy of the Democrats, aided by division within the Republican Party, worked. Cleveland was elected president in 1884 for his integrity, his support of gold standard, his opposition to unions, his opposition to government spending, and his support of free enterprise. Cleveland was the most conservative president since James Monroe, even though Cleveland was a Democrat. Grant'''|-| Stamp Act Cleveland did as he said he would. He vetoed a record number of bills passed by Congress, mostly concerning pensions for Civil War veterans. Cleveland was frugal like most conservatives, and did not want more government spending.| Peggy Eaton Affair| '''Gilded Age''In 1888, Cleveland faced a new Republican challenger for president, Benjamin Harrison. Cleveland won more votes, but Harrison won more electoral college votes and thereby won this close election. Harrison, who was from Indiana and enjoyed the popularity of his grandfather (who had been president), favored protective tariffs and increasing veterans'pay.|-| Quartering Act| ''Cherokee Nation vCleveland came back for a rematch in the presidential election of 1892, and beat Harrison that time. Georgia' But then he was faced with the financial Panic of 1893, during which hundreds of banks and businesses failed, President Cleveland was criticized for doing nothing, but refusing to bail out the banks is a conservative solution. In fall 2008, President Bush and Congress did bail out the banks, in contrast to Cleveland' s conservative approach.| Fisk-Gould Scandal|-| Sons The Panic of Liberty| Antimasonic Party|'''1893 caused a wealthy Ohio populist who had been hurt by it to lead a march on Washington, D.C., setting a precedent for "Bossmarching on Washington." Tweed'''|-| Declaratory Act| '''S Jacob Coxey promised to gather 10,000, but by the time he arrived in D.C. Ordinance of Nullification''"Coxey's Army" consisted of only 500 people, which is still enough to attract attention. But the conservative Cleveland held his ground:<ref>http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=583</ref>| Force Act|-| Townshend Duties| '''Compromise Tariff':Upon arriving in Washington, Coxey and his supporters demanded that the federal government immediately assist workers by hiring them to work on public projects such as roads and government buildings. The United States Congress and President Grover Cleveland refused. Law enforcement officials arrested Coxey for trespassing on public property. Coxey's Army quickly dispersed upon its leader's arrest.| Amnesty Act|-Historians cite this march on Washington as an example of how Americans increasingly looked to the national government to solve their problems.| '''Boston Massacre'''| Force BillCleveland also held his ground against problems instigated by unions. He put down the (railroad) Pullman Strike in Chicago in 1894.| '''Credit Mobilier scandal'''|-| Gaspee incident| '''Whig Party'''|== Preparing for the "Salary GrabTurn of the Century" Act==|-| Committees Social movements in the late 1800s also occurred, preparing the nation for the turn of Correspondencethe century (that is, the beginning of the 20th century):| Whig supporters|"*Women'''Crime of '73'''"|s rights: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who was pro-| Tea Act| '''Martin Van Buren''life, founded National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869 and, before that, led the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. This foreshadowed the women's suffrage movement in the early 20th century.| Greenback Party|*Women in government: The Hull House was founded by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889, and it grew into a city-based social movement that argued for reform of city government by the involvement of women. It is still active today.<ref>http://www.hullhouse.org/</ref>| '''Boston Tea Party'''| ''Charles River Bridge v*City government: The National Municipal League was founded in 1894 in order to make city government more honest, efficient and effective. It is active today under the new name of the National Civic League. Warren Bridge''| Women's Christian Temperance Union|*Self-| Intolerable improvement: the Chataugua Movement, founded in New York in 1874, was a part of a "knowledge revolution" devoted to promoting adult education (Coercivealong with some entertainment!) Acts|"Trail . This foreshadowed the adult learning programs of Tears"the 20th century.| Wounded Knee massacre|-*Hawaii: the United States dethroned the Hawaii leader Queen Liliuokalani in 1893, because she recognized only natives on the islands and opposed joining the United States. Nearly 50 years later an attack on Hawaii by the Japanese would put America into World War II.| First Continental Congress| '''William Henry Harrison'''*Imperialism: Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote books beginning in 1890 on American sea power, urging a strong navy and imperialism by United States. This foreshadowed American imperialism around 1900.| Whiskey Ring|*Racial accommodation: Booker T. Washington, a self-| Second Continental Congress| Nat Turner| '''Rutherford Btaught former slave, urged an approach of self-help and accommodation in order to improve conditions for African Americans. He founded the Tuskegee Institute for research and gave a famous speech in 1895 to the Atlanta Exposition, in which he urged a racially diverse audience to cooperate and accommodate each other. This foreshadowed a later division in the African American community between a conciliatory approach and a confrontational approach. Hayes'''|-| Benjamin Franklin*Prohibition (of alcohol): the Women's achievements| Lowell System| '''Compromise Christian Temperance Union was founded in 1874 by women in order to combat the problems that alcohol caused in their families and society. The WCTU sought nationwide "prohibition" (of 1877'''|-| Colonial population| Reform Movements| Baseball|-|}alcohol), and eventually obtained it early in the 20th century (for a while). Even today there are some regions of the country (such as some rural counties) that are "dry" (do not allow any alcohol to be sold there).

{{DEFAULTSORT:American History Lecture 0807}}