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After serving as archbishop of Spoleto (1827-32) and of Imola (1832-46). He was elected pope in 1846 by the liberal cardinals, who promoted moderate political reforms, against the conservative cardinals who who favored a continuance of absolutism in the temporal government of the Church.  As Pope he not only headed the Church, but also ruled the country in central Italy known as the Papal States, with Rome its capital.

After serving as archbishop of Spoleto (1827-32) and of Imola (1832-46). He was elected pope in 1846 by the liberal cardinals, who promoted moderate political reforms, against the conservative cardinals who who favored a continuance of absolutism in the temporal government of the Church.  As Pope he not only headed the Church, but also ruled the country in central Italy known as the Papal States, with Rome its capital.

===Liberal Pope===

===Liberal Pope===

The new pope granted amnesties to political prisoners and exiles, and introduced political reforms into the Papal States, including an advisory Consulta and even a democratic constitution. [[Metternich]], chancellor of Austria, and conservative cardinals, in particular secretary of state Cardinal Pasquale Gizzi (1787-1849), feared a popular uprising, but could not restrain the reforming pope. When the liberals asked him to send a military force to the north to fight against the Austrians who dominated northeastern Italy, Pius refused. Italian revolutionaries assassinated his premier in October 1848, and briefly held the pope himself prisoner. The French armies of [[Louis Napoleon]] Second French Republic destroyed the insurgents in 1849 and allowed the pope to return to Rome in April 1850.

The new pope granted amnesties to political prisoners and exiles, and introduced political reforms into the Papal States. He began building railways and lighting the streets of Rome with gas. He designed an institute to modernize agricultural methods and upgrade rural education. He allowed some freedom to the press. He visited jails and began a program of prison reform and liberalized the criminal code. He simplified customs procedures. He excused Jews from the customary required attendance at Christian sermons. He created a Consulta of laymen chosen by indirect vote and presided over by a Cardinal--a small step toward democracy.  

 

[[Metternich]], chancellor of Austria, and conservative cardinals, in particular secretary of state Cardinal Pasquale Gizzi (1787-1849), feared a popular uprising, but could not restrain the reforming pope. When the liberals asked him to send a military force to the north to fight against the Austrians who dominated northeastern Italy, Pius refused. Italian revolutionaries assassinated his premier in October 1848, and briefly held the pope himself prisoner. The French armies of [[Louis Napoleon]] Second French Republic destroyed the insurgents in 1849 and allowed the pope to return to Rome in April 1850.

==Conservative==

==Conservative==