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==Conservative==
==Conservative==
Pius now became a leader of the forces fighting liberal reform in Italy and Europe. With the collapse of the Revolution of 1848 in every major country, the conservatives were back in power and Pius agreed with them. One exception was the Kingdom of Piedmont, based in Turin, where the anticlerical liberals under Count Cavour held sway. They closed most of the monasteries in Piedmont in 1854. The pope's reaction was a sweeping denunciations of liberalism in general, culminating in his famous '''[[Syllabus of Errors]]''' in 1864.
Pius now became a leader of the forces fighting liberal reform in Italy and Europe. With the collapse of the Revolution of 1848 in every major country, the conservatives were back in power and Pius agreed with them. One exception was the Kingdom of Sardinia (based in Piedmont, with its capital in Turin), where the anticlerical liberals under Count Cavour held sway. They closed most of the monasteries in Piedmont in 1854 and promoted Italian natiopnalism with the goal of unifying Italy--including the Papal States--under secular rule, and making Rome the capital. The pope's reaction was a sweeping denunciations of liberalism in general, culminating in his famous '''[[Syllabus of Errors]]''' in 1864.
===Devotions===
On December 8, 1854, Pius IX solemnly proclaimed, on his sole authority, in the bull "Ineffabilis Deus" the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary as a doctrine revealed by God and to be believed firmly and constantly by all Catholics. He proclaimed:
:"The Blessed Virgin Mary to have been, from the first instant of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege of Almighty God, in view of the merits of Christ Jesus the Saviour of mankind, preserved free from stain of original sin."
Not all theologians had agreed that the conception had been immaculate in the sense defined by the bull. The Dominicans especially had dissenters. But with the devotional revival underway, the doctrine was widely and increasingly cherished and across Europe devot Catholic sent pleas for the Pope to give it his official endorsement. Pius IX was eager to do so, for his devotion to her whom the faithful venerated as the mother of God was sincere and deep. The Catholic Church was moving rapidly to a series of devotions to Mary that redefined piety for the laymen.
===Ultramontine===
Pius fought liberals all across Europe, and built up the [[Ultramontane]] (pro-papal) movement inside the Catholic Church. Thereby he increasingly controlled the Church and weakened the [[Gallican]] forces that wanted the Church to be subservient to a large degree to national governments. He summoned the [[Vatican Council]] to Rome in 1869-70 to examine the Church's nature, her teaching authority, and her relations with the State. It condemned pantheism, naturalism, and rationalism, and, above all defined the juridical primacy of the pope and his infallibility when pronouncing formally on matters of faith or morals.
Pius fought liberals all across Europe, and built up the [[Ultramontane]] (pro-papal) movement inside the Catholic Church. Thereby he increasingly controlled the Church and weakened the [[Gallican]] forces that wanted the Church to be subservient to a large degree to national governments. He summoned the [[Vatican Council]] to Rome in 1869-70 to examine the Church's nature, her teaching authority, and her relations with the State. It condemned pantheism, naturalism, and rationalism, and, above all defined the juridical primacy of the pope and his infallibility when pronouncing formally on matters of faith or morals.
==Loss of the Papal States==
The French allowed the Italians based in Turin to expand at the expense of the Papal States, which could not defend itself. Victor Emmanuel became king and his army seized Rome in 1870, making it the capital of united Italy. Pius IX refused to recognize or to have any dealings with the new kingdom. He shut himself up as "prisoner in the Vatican," and warned Italian Catholics that they should take no part in the policies of the new state.
The Piedmont's army seized Rome in 1870, making it the capital of united Italy. Pius IX refused to recognize or to have any dealings with the new kingdom. He shut himself up as "prisoner in the Vatican," and warned Italian Catholics that they should take no part in the policies of the new state.
The Kingdom of Italy, acting without the pope's consent, issued the "Law of Guarantees" that assured Pius and future popes of the rights and status of a purely spiritual sovereign, immunity from arrest, and protection against treason. The pope was allowed to have diplomatic relations with foreign governments, to have his own personal Swiss guard, his own postal and telegraphic services, and the use, although not the ownership, of the Vatican, the Lateran, and Castel Gandolfo. In compensation for his lost territories and their revenues, he was to be given a substantial annual monetary grant (which he refused). The Italian government gave up its claim to name bishops and to try spiritual cases in its courts. The unhappy compromise lasted until a satisfactory solution was reached in 1929.
Pius IX was proclaimed a [[saint]] during the papacy of [[Pope John Paul II]].
==Further reading==
==Further reading==