| | As a result of his [[father]]'s [[death]], Alger [[inheritance|inherited]] $10,000,<ref>"...provided a $10000 bequest to each of the Hiss children..." G. Edward White, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FvR4HBTiYzAC Alger Hiss's Looking-glass Wars: The Covert Life of a Soviet Spy]'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) ISBN 0195182553, p. 9</ref> the equivalent of more than $200,000 today.<ref>[http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl Inflation Calculator], United States Bureau of Labor Statistics</ref> After graduation from [[Baltimore]] [[City]] [[College]] and a year at Powder Point Academy<ref>Tony Hiss, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SPV2AAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 Laughing Last: Alger Hiss by Tony Hiss]'' (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), p. 32</ref> (a private [[prep school]] in Duxbury, [[Massachusetts]])<ref>''[http://books.google.com/books?id=pCUrAAAAYAAJ A Handbook of the Best Private Schools of the United States and Canada]'' (P.E. Sargent, 1915), p. 31</ref> and the [[Maryland]] Institute of [[Art]],<ref>"1921-1922: Attended Powder Point Academy, Duxbury, Mass., and Maryland Institute of Art." Historical Note: Chronology of Alger Hiss. [http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~law00092 Zeligs, Meyer Aaron. Papers, 1923-1978: Finding Aid] (Harvard Law School Library)</ref> Hiss attended Baltimore's [[Johns Hopkins University]], where he was voted "best hand-shaker" in his class.<ref>[http://archives.newyorker.com/default.aspx?iid=18616&startpage=page0000103 ''The New Yorker'', May 13, 1950]; Evan Thomas, "[http://www.newsweek.com/id/103447 An American Melodrama]," ''Newsweek'', November 25, 1996</ref> As an [[undergraduate]], Hiss was drawn to the work of (among others) the [[Fabian socialism|Fabian]]<ref>Archibald Henderson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=twQBAAAAYAAJ George Bernard Shaw: His Life and Works]'' (Cincinnati: Stewart & Kidd, 1911) ISBN 1417961775, p. 102. Shaw became a loyal apologist for [[Stalinism]], penning a 1933 [http://www.garethjones.org/soviet_articles/bernard_shaw.htm Letter to the Editor] of the ''Manchester Guardian'', denouncing Malcolm Muggeridge's reporting on [[Stalin]]'s [[Holodomor|Terror Famine]] as a "lie" and a "slander"; the following year he published a 16,000-word ''[http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0300561h.html#p01 apologia]'' for Stalin's mass murders. In 1949, he even wrote a [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/shaw/works/lysenko.htm defense] of Stalin's pseudo-scientific [[Lysenkoism]].</ref> George Bernard Shaw, [[Socialist]]<ref>"To John M. Gillette," September 15, 1912, in Maxwell Anderson (Laurence G. Avery, Ed.), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=iINNqp6FxU0C Dramatist in America: Letters of Maxwell Anderson, 1912-1958]'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001) ISBN 0807849405, p. 3</ref> Maxwell Anderson, "card-carrying socialist"<ref>Gore Vidal, "[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2805 The Romance of Sinclair Lewis]," ''The New York Review of Books'', Vol. 39, No. 16 (October 8, 1992)</ref> Sinclair Lewis and [[Communist]]<ref>Theodore Dreiser, "Request to Become a Communist," ''The Daily Worker'', July 30, 1945, reprinted in Albert Fried, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mLJbT3NMbN4C Communism in America: A History in Documents]'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997) ISBN 0231102356, p. 348-350</ref> Theodore Dreiser<ref>John Chabot Smith, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=bCYrAAAAIAAJ Alger Hiss: The True Story]'' (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976) ISBN 0030137764, p. 52</ref>—the latter two famous atheists.<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881224,00.html Religion: Atheist's Oath]," ''Time'', August 20, 1928</ref> | | As a result of his [[father]]'s [[death]], Alger [[inheritance|inherited]] $10,000,<ref>"...provided a $10000 bequest to each of the Hiss children..." G. Edward White, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FvR4HBTiYzAC Alger Hiss's Looking-glass Wars: The Covert Life of a Soviet Spy]'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) ISBN 0195182553, p. 9</ref> the equivalent of more than $200,000 today.<ref>[http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl Inflation Calculator], United States Bureau of Labor Statistics</ref> After graduation from [[Baltimore]] [[City]] [[College]] and a year at Powder Point Academy<ref>Tony Hiss, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SPV2AAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 Laughing Last: Alger Hiss by Tony Hiss]'' (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), p. 32</ref> (a private [[prep school]] in Duxbury, [[Massachusetts]])<ref>''[http://books.google.com/books?id=pCUrAAAAYAAJ A Handbook of the Best Private Schools of the United States and Canada]'' (P.E. Sargent, 1915), p. 31</ref> and the [[Maryland]] Institute of [[Art]],<ref>"1921-1922: Attended Powder Point Academy, Duxbury, Mass., and Maryland Institute of Art." Historical Note: Chronology of Alger Hiss. [http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~law00092 Zeligs, Meyer Aaron. Papers, 1923-1978: Finding Aid] (Harvard Law School Library)</ref> Hiss attended Baltimore's [[Johns Hopkins University]], where he was voted "best hand-shaker" in his class.<ref>[http://archives.newyorker.com/default.aspx?iid=18616&startpage=page0000103 ''The New Yorker'', May 13, 1950]; Evan Thomas, "[http://www.newsweek.com/id/103447 An American Melodrama]," ''Newsweek'', November 25, 1996</ref> As an [[undergraduate]], Hiss was drawn to the work of (among others) the [[Fabian socialism|Fabian]]<ref>Archibald Henderson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=twQBAAAAYAAJ George Bernard Shaw: His Life and Works]'' (Cincinnati: Stewart & Kidd, 1911) ISBN 1417961775, p. 102. Shaw became a loyal apologist for [[Stalinism]], penning a 1933 [http://www.garethjones.org/soviet_articles/bernard_shaw.htm Letter to the Editor] of the ''Manchester Guardian'', denouncing Malcolm Muggeridge's reporting on [[Stalin]]'s [[Holodomor|Terror Famine]] as a "lie" and a "slander"; the following year he published a 16,000-word ''[http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0300561h.html#p01 apologia]'' for Stalin's mass murders. In 1949, he even wrote a [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/shaw/works/lysenko.htm defense] of Stalin's pseudo-scientific [[Lysenkoism]].</ref> George Bernard Shaw, [[Socialist]]<ref>"To John M. Gillette," September 15, 1912, in Maxwell Anderson (Laurence G. Avery, Ed.), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=iINNqp6FxU0C Dramatist in America: Letters of Maxwell Anderson, 1912-1958]'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001) ISBN 0807849405, p. 3</ref> Maxwell Anderson, "card-carrying socialist"<ref>Gore Vidal, "[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2805 The Romance of Sinclair Lewis]," ''The New York Review of Books'', Vol. 39, No. 16 (October 8, 1992)</ref> Sinclair Lewis and [[Communist]]<ref>Theodore Dreiser, "Request to Become a Communist," ''The Daily Worker'', July 30, 1945, reprinted in Albert Fried, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mLJbT3NMbN4C Communism in America: A History in Documents]'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997) ISBN 0231102356, p. 348-350</ref> Theodore Dreiser<ref>John Chabot Smith, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=bCYrAAAAIAAJ Alger Hiss: The True Story]'' (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976) ISBN 0030137764, p. 52</ref>—the latter two famous atheists.<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881224,00.html Religion: Atheist's Oath]," ''Time'', August 20, 1928</ref> |
| − | Hiss' favorite [[instructor|instructors]] included Broadus Mitchell,<ref>Joan Cook, "[http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/30/obituaries/broadus-mitchell-95-professor-historian-and-hamilton-authority.html Broadus Mitchell, 95, Professor, Historian and Hamilton Authority]," ''The New York Times'', April 30, 1988</ref> whom Hiss would later describe as a "gifted" [[economics]] [[professor]] with "mildly socialistic" views.<ref>Alger Hiss, Draft of a Chapter Written By Alger Hiss on the Foundations For His Liberalism (Alger Hiss papers, Small Manuscript Collection, Special Collections, Harvard Law School)</ref> But Mitchell, according to the personal Web site of Hiss' [[son]], Tony,<ref>Regarding this Web site, one reviewer comments, "The content is mendacious in the extreme and ignores most of the damaging evidence against Alger Hiss." (Matthew Richer, "[http://www.mmisi.org/ma/46_04/richer.pdf The Ongoing Campaign of Alger Hiss: The Sins of the Father]," ''Modern Age'', Vol. 46, No. 4 [Fall 2004], p. 314 [PDF p. 8]) Then-Columbia University historian David Greenberg (now at Rutgers) said "I don't think anyone is going to treat this site as the repository of truth, except for those who have already made up their minds that Hiss was innocent." After Hiss' son, a visiting scholar at New York University, originally set up the site on an NYU server, the university requested that he move it elsewhere "to designate it more clearly as a personal site rather than an academic one." James Barron, "[http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/16/technology/online-the-hiss-defense-doesn-t-rest.html?pagewanted=all Online, the Hiss Defense Doesn't Rest]," ''The New York Times'', August 16, 2001</ref> was a well-known Socialist.<ref> Jeff Kisseloff, "[http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/wars.html Distorted Reflections]," The Alger Hiss Story</ref> He served as [[candidate]] for [[Governor]] of Maryland for the Socialist Party<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,761370,00.html Head on a Platter]," ''Time'', May 22, 1939; [http://www.hofstra.edu/Libraries/WestCampus/SpecialCollections/sc_afc_broadus_mitchell.cfm Broadus Mitchell (1892-1988): Author, Professor, Economist], Hoftra University Special Collections</ref> (U.S. supporter of the [[Comintern]]),<ref>Document No. 7: "Minority Report Adopted by Overwhelming Party Vote on Referendum on Submission to the Emergency National Convention Held at Chicago, September, 1919," reprinted in Joint Legislative Committee of the State of New York Investigating Seditious Activities, ''Revolutionary Radicalism: Its History, Purpose and Tactics'', Part I, Vol. I (Albany: J.B. Lyon Company, 1920), p. 626</ref> and distinguished socialism from [[communism]] as differing only in "[[strategy]] and [[procedure]]," not "essential [[theory]]."<ref>Broadus Mitchell, ''A Preface to Economics'' (Henry Holt & Co., 1932-34), pp. 556-557</ref> Another favorite was José Robles,<ref>Matthew Richer, "[http://www.mmisi.org/ma/46_04/richer.pdf The Ongoing Campaign of Alger Hiss: The Sins of the Father]," ''Modern Age'', Vol. 46, No. 4 (Fall 2004), p. 310 (PDF p. 4)</ref> a committed [[Stalinist]]<ref>Jason Powell, "[http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/reviews/reviewview.cfm?id=2 Review: ''The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles'']," eHistory (Ohio State University), January 2006</ref> who would go on to serve in the [[Spanish Civil War]] as a [[Colonel]] in the [[Red Army]] and interpreter for [[General]] Jānis Bērziņš,<ref>[http://www.latfilma.lv/d/106/ The Head of Intelligence Service: Janis Berzins], Films in Latvia</ref> head of [[GRU|Soviet military intelligence]].<ref>Hugh Thomas, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6I126r99NQ4C The Spanish Civil War]'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994) ISBN 0671758764, pp. 705-706</ref> Robles was never seen again<ref>George Packer, "[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/10/31/051031crbo_books The Spanish Prisoner]," ''The New Yorker'', October 31, 2005</ref> after Bērziņš was recalled to [[Moscow]]<ref>Roy Aleksandrovich Medvedev, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zQ8BO3cenfoC Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism]'' (tr. George Shriver) (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989) ISBN 0231063504, p. 428</ref> and shot in [[Stalin]]'s [[Great Purge|Great Terror]]<ref>Robert Conquest,''[http://books.google.com/books?id=KzIfHQAACAAJ The Great Terror: A Reassessment]'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), ISBN 0195071328</ref> in 1938.<ref>David J. Nordlander, "Origins of a Gulag Capital: Magadan and Stalinist Control in the Early 1930s," ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1998), pp. 791-812</ref> Robles had apparently been [[execution|executed]] by a Communist "special section,"<ref>"The earliest sign of the existence of the special unit seems to be... in Barcelona early in 1937.... On June 16, thanks to Soviet pressure on the Spanish Republican Government, the leaders of the POUM, [Andreu] Nin included, were arrested and charged with high treason. Nin disappeared within days and was never seen again. Even the leaders of the Communist Party in Spain today admit that Nin was murdered on Stalin's orders.... George Orwell, who was in Barcelona soon after the arrests... fled Spain in fear of arrest himself...." Stephen Schwartz, "[http://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/24/books/intellectuals-and-assassins-annals-of-stalin-s-killerati.html?pagewanted=all Intellectuals and Assassins - Annals of Stalin's Killerati]," ''The New York Times'', January 24, 1988</ref> according to former [[fellow traveller|fellow traveler]]<ref>Alice Béja,"[http://reconstruction.eserver.org/081/beja.shtml Radically American: John Dos Passos, Culture and Politics]," ''Reconstruction: Studies in Contemporary Culture'' Vol. 8, No. 1 (2008)</ref> John Dos Passos,<ref>Paul P. Reuben, [http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap7/dospassos.html Chapter 7: John Dos Passos (1896-1970)], PAL: Perspectives in American Literature - A Research and Reference Guide (University of California Stanislaus)</ref> because he "knew too much about the relations between the [[Spain|Spanish]] war ministry and the [[Kremlin]]."<ref>Stephen Koch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=buhlAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles]'' (Madrid: Ediciones Palabra, 2006) ISBN 1582432813, p. 272</ref> Hiss, who apparently knew Robles well enough to spend time at his [[home]],<ref>Tony Hiss, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SPV2AAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 Laughing Last: Alger Hiss by Tony Hiss]'' (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), ISBN 039524899X, pp. 37-38</ref> would later say he too considered going to [[Spain]] to fight for the [[Soviet]]-backed "[[Loyalist]]" cause.<ref>John Chabot Smith, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=bCYrAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Alger Hiss: The True Story]'' (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1976), ISBN 0030137764, p. 104</ref> | + | Hiss' favorite [[instructor|instructors]] included Broadus Mitchell,<ref>Joan Cook, "[http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/30/obituaries/broadus-mitchell-95-professor-historian-and-hamilton-authority.html Broadus Mitchell, 95, Professor, Historian and Hamilton Authority]," ''The New York Times'', April 30, 1988</ref> whom Hiss would later describe as a "gifted" [[economics]] [[professor]] with "mildly socialistic" views.<ref>Alger Hiss, Draft of a Chapter Written By Alger Hiss on the Foundations For His Liberalism (Alger Hiss papers, Small Manuscript Collection, Special Collections, Harvard Law School)</ref> But Mitchell, according to the personal Web site of Hiss' [[son]], Tony,<ref> After Hiss' son, a visiting scholar at New York University, originally set up the site on an NYU server, the university [http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/16/technology/online-the-hiss-defense-doesn-t-rest.html?pagewanted=all requested] that he move it elsewhere "to designate it more clearly as a personal site rather than an academic one." The Web site is run out of the [http://www.slate.com/id/1007346/pagenum/all/ home] of "Web master" Jeff Kisseloff, [http://www.thenation.com/directory/bios/jeff_kisseloff archivist] of ''The Nation'' magazine, and is [http://library2.lawschool.cornell.edu/insiteasp/archive/insite277.html funded] by The Nation Institute, which is in turn [http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/funderprofile.asp?fndid=5181&category=79 funded] by billionaire [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/19/us/politics/19delegates.html?pagewanted=print Obama-booster] [[George Soros]]. Buried on the site is the [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/aboutus.html admission] that its purpose is to present only "the case for the defense," not both sides. Cornell Law Library [http://library2.lawschool.cornell.edu/insiteasp/archive/insite277.html notes], "The site has a noticeable editorial bias in favor of Hiss." ''New York Times Book Review'' editor Sam Tanenhaus [http://www.slate.com/id/1007346/pagenum/all/ Alger agrees], "It's a blatantly pro-Hiss operation whose agenda is to advocate his innocence." Then-Columbia University historian David Greenberg (now at [http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/~davidgr/ Rutgers]) has [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/19/us/politics/19delegates.html?pagewanted=print said], "I don't think anyone is going to treat this site as the repository of truth, except for those who have already made up their minds that Hiss was innocent."</ref> was a well-known Socialist.<ref> Jeff Kisseloff, "[http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/wars.html Distorted Reflections]," The Alger Hiss Story</ref> He served as [[candidate]] for [[Governor]] of Maryland for the Socialist Party<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,761370,00.html Head on a Platter]," ''Time'', May 22, 1939; [http://www.hofstra.edu/Libraries/WestCampus/SpecialCollections/sc_afc_broadus_mitchell.cfm Broadus Mitchell (1892-1988): Author, Professor, Economist], Hoftra University Special Collections</ref> (U.S. supporter of the [[Comintern]]),<ref>Document No. 7: "Minority Report Adopted by Overwhelming Party Vote on Referendum on Submission to the Emergency National Convention Held at Chicago, September, 1919," reprinted in Joint Legislative Committee of the State of New York Investigating Seditious Activities, ''Revolutionary Radicalism: Its History, Purpose and Tactics'', Part I, Vol. I (Albany: J.B. Lyon Company, 1920), p. 626</ref> and distinguished socialism from [[communism]] as differing only in "[[strategy]] and [[procedure]]," not "essential [[theory]]."<ref>Broadus Mitchell, ''A Preface to Economics'' (Henry Holt & Co., 1932-34), pp. 556-557</ref> Another favorite was José Robles,<ref>Matthew Richer, "[http://www.mmisi.org/ma/46_04/richer.pdf The Ongoing Campaign of Alger Hiss: The Sins of the Father]," ''Modern Age'', Vol. 46, No. 4 (Fall 2004), p. 310 (PDF p. 4)</ref> a committed [[Stalinist]]<ref>Jason Powell, "[http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/reviews/reviewview.cfm?id=2 Review: ''The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles'']," eHistory (Ohio State University), January 2006</ref> who would go on to serve in the [[Spanish Civil War]] as a [[Colonel]] in the [[Red Army]] and interpreter for [[General]] Jānis Bērziņš,<ref>[http://www.latfilma.lv/d/106/ The Head of Intelligence Service: Janis Berzins], Films in Latvia</ref> head of [[GRU|Soviet military intelligence]].<ref>Hugh Thomas, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6I126r99NQ4C The Spanish Civil War]'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994) ISBN 0671758764, pp. 705-706</ref> Robles was never seen again<ref>George Packer, "[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/10/31/051031crbo_books The Spanish Prisoner]," ''The New Yorker'', October 31, 2005</ref> after Bērziņš was recalled to [[Moscow]]<ref>Roy Aleksandrovich Medvedev, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zQ8BO3cenfoC Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism]'' (tr. George Shriver) (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989) ISBN 0231063504, p. 428</ref> and shot in [[Stalin]]'s [[Great Purge|Great Terror]]<ref>Robert Conquest,''[http://books.google.com/books?id=KzIfHQAACAAJ The Great Terror: A Reassessment]'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), ISBN 0195071328</ref> in 1938.<ref>David J. Nordlander, "Origins of a Gulag Capital: Magadan and Stalinist Control in the Early 1930s," ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1998), pp. 791-812</ref> Robles had apparently been [[execution|executed]] by a Communist "special section,"<ref>"The earliest sign of the existence of the special unit seems to be... in Barcelona early in 1937.... On June 16, thanks to Soviet pressure on the Spanish Republican Government, the leaders of the POUM, [Andreu] Nin included, were arrested and charged with high treason. Nin disappeared within days and was never seen again. Even the leaders of the Communist Party in Spain today admit that Nin was murdered on Stalin's orders.... George Orwell, who was in Barcelona soon after the arrests... fled Spain in fear of arrest himself...." Stephen Schwartz, "[http://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/24/books/intellectuals-and-assassins-annals-of-stalin-s-killerati.html?pagewanted=all Intellectuals and Assassins - Annals of Stalin's Killerati]," ''The New York Times'', January 24, 1988</ref> according to former [[fellow traveller|fellow traveler]]<ref>Alice Béja,"[http://reconstruction.eserver.org/081/beja.shtml Radically American: John Dos Passos, Culture and Politics]," ''Reconstruction: Studies in Contemporary Culture'' Vol. 8, No. 1 (2008)</ref> John Dos Passos,<ref>Paul P. Reuben, [http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap7/dospassos.html Chapter 7: John Dos Passos (1896-1970)], PAL: Perspectives in American Literature - A Research and Reference Guide (University of California Stanislaus)</ref> because he "knew too much about the relations between the [[Spain|Spanish]] war ministry and the [[Kremlin]]."<ref>Stephen Koch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=buhlAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles]'' (Madrid: Ediciones Palabra, 2006) ISBN 1582432813, p. 272</ref> Hiss, who apparently knew Robles well enough to spend time at his [[home]],<ref>Tony Hiss, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SPV2AAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 Laughing Last: Alger Hiss by Tony Hiss]'' (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), ISBN 039524899X, pp. 37-38</ref> would later say he too considered going to [[Spain]] to fight for the [[Soviet]]-backed "[[Loyalist]]" cause.<ref>John Chabot Smith, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=bCYrAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Alger Hiss: The True Story]'' (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1976), ISBN 0030137764, p. 104</ref> |