Changes

===Harvard Law School===

===Harvard Law School===

After graduating in 1926, Hiss went on to [[Harvard Law School]], where he [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/8-25testimony.html resumed] his friendship with boyhood friend [[Henry Collins]], who was attending [[Harvard]] Business School. Collins would later be identified as a [[Soviet]] [http://hnn.us/articles/11581.html agent] by chief of [[Soviet intelligence]] in the U.S. [[Anatoly Gorsky]] and by another friend at Harvard, [[U.S. State Department|State Department]] official [[Laurence Duggan]]<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dIsmm_ZLHcIC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, p. 202. [[Henry Wallace]] once said that if he became President, he would [http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/18/weekinreview/witching-hour-rethinking-mccarthyism-if-not-mccarthy.html?pagewanted=all make Duggan Secretary of State]; if [[FDR]] had died a few months earlier, Wallace would indeed have become President. It was apparently to protect Duggan's identity that Ignace Poretsky (alias Ignace Reiss) [http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Protected/Articles/000/000/006/224euczs.asp?pg=2 was] [http://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/24/books/intellectuals-and-assassins-annals-of-stalin-s-killerati.html?pagewanted=all murdered]: A Moscow Center report of Poretsky's "liquidation" notes, "For now the danger of 19 [Duggan] ([http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Vassiliev%20Notebooks%20Concordance2.pdf Vassiliev Concordance], p. 2) being exposed through Raymond's [Poretsky's] ([http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Vassiliev%20Notebooks%20Concordance2.pdf Vassiliev Concordance], p. 129) line is significantly diminished." (John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr and Alexander Vassiliev, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qCAVQ_cdomcC Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America]'' [New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009] ISBN 0300123906, p. 232) Poretsky was killed by OGPU agent Roland Abbiat (Walter Krivitsky, ''[http://ia331309.us.archive.org/3/items/instalinssecrets008248mbp/instalinssecrets008248mbp.pdf In Stalin's Secret Service]'' [New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939], pp. 261-263 [PDF 285-287]; Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=9TWUAQ7Xof8C The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB]'' [New York: Basic Books, 2000], ISBN 046500312, pp. 47, 78-79), who would later go under cover as [http://www.powells.com/review/2004_02_12.html  Vladimir Pravdin], head of the Soviet government news agency TASS, in which capacity he would become a contact of Walter Lippmann and [[I.F. Stone]], and [http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page70.html be suggested] as the contact for [[GRU]] agent "Ales" at the founding conference of the [[UN]]. Five days after Duggan implicated [[Henry Collins|Collins]] (and [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]]) to the [[FBI]], Hiss would be indicted by a grand jury and the [[NKVD]] would again [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-hoac&month=0503&week=b&msg=vKFVV7vn/1IWcrIN7aXucg&user=&pw= approach Duggan]; [http://www.gutenberg-e.org/osc01/frames/fosc08.html five days] after that, Duggan would [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/118 jump or be thrown] from his New York office window to his [http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,799590,00.html death], leading his friend (and father's [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/06/AR2005100602012.html protégé]), Edward R. Murrow, to broadcast a [http://dca.lib.tufts.edu/features/murrow/exhibit/iie2.html scathing] denunciation of Red-hunters in the U.S. government for hounding an [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/18nov_lawrence_duggan.pdf allegedly] innocent man to his grave.</ref> (himself [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ugMOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VW0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7094%2C2162459 identified] by [[Comintern]] courier<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dIsmm_ZLHcIC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, pp. 227-228; John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=pNwEyL1b6XQC Early Cold War Spies: The Espionage Trials That Shaped American Politics]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006) ISBN 0521857384, p. 110</ref> [http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page100.html Whittaker Chambers], [[OGPU]] recruiter [[Hede Massing]],<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dIsmm_ZLHcIC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, pp. 202-203</ref>, [[Venona]] [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1943/30jun_british_invasion.pdf decrypts] and Soviet [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.documents&group_id=511603 archives]).<ref>Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=9TWUAQ7Xof8C The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB]'' (New York: Basic Books, 2000), ISBN 046500312, p. 109; John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr and Alexander Vassiliev, (''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qCAVQ_cdomcC Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America]'' [New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009] ISBN 0300123906, pp. 220-245</ref> Hiss [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/8-5testimony.html served] on the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]'' under editor [[Lee Pressman]], who would eventually [[testify]] that he had been a member of the "[[Ware group]]," an underground group of Communists in the Federal government.<ref>Testimony of Lee Pressman. Hearings Regarding Communism in the United States Government—Part 2. United States House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities, Washington, D.C., August 28, 1950. Reprinted as Exhibit No. 1402, U.S. Congress, Senate, 82nd Cong., Committee on the Judiciary, Hearings to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Second Session on the Institute of Pacific Relations (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 5503.</ref> Hiss became the protégé of one [[instructor]], future [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] Justice [[Felix Frankfurter]]&mdash;who, said former [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[William Howard Taft]], [[Chief Justice]] of the Supreme Court, "seems to be closely in touch with every [http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,870087,00.html Bolshevist, Communist] movement in this [[country]]." Frankfurter was at the time the [http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/oj/frankff.htm leading champion] of the [[conviction|convicted]] [[murder|murderers]] [[Sacco and Vanzetti]],<ref>Felix Frankfurter, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GiV9cR6277UC The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti: A Critical Analysis for Lawyers and Laymen]'' (Buffalo: Wm. S. Hein & Co., 2003) ISBN 157588805X</ref> [[revolution|revolutionary]] [[terrorist|terrorists]] who became a Communist<ref>Stephen Koch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=YIoFAQAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Double Lives: Stalin, Willi Munzenberg and the Seduction of the Intellectuals]'' (New York: Enigma Books, rev. ed. 2004) ISBN 1929631200, pp. 31-37</ref> ''cause célèbre'',<ref>John F. Neville, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=PXn7LbZRK2IC Twentieth-Century Cause Celebre: Sacco, Vanzetti, and the Press, 1920-1927]'' (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004) ISBN 0275977838 p. 101. Hiss' Harvard classmate, fellow State Department official and [http://nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=8544389&CATLN=6&accessmethod=5&j=1 Soviet intelligence source] Noel Field would later write, "The shock of the Sacco-Vanzetti executions drove me leftward." (Allen Weinstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=YRyoAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case]'' [New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978], ISBN 0394495462, p. 199)</ref> and whom Alger Hiss would later [http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID=E3D7DC83-5DEE-4B84-857A-DF85A526E91C emulate].<ref>New evidence [http://hnn.us/articles/4527.html suggests] that Sacco and Vanzetti were [http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2006/01/28/uptonsinclair-boston.html guilty]. (Cf. Paul Avrich, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=8z8mdUYp-6gC Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America]'' (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005) ISBN 1904859275, p. 133)</ref>

After graduating in 1926, Hiss went on to [[Harvard Law School]], where he [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/8-25testimony.html resumed] his friendship with boyhood friend [[Henry Collins]], who was attending [[Harvard]] Business School. Collins would later be identified as a [[Soviet]] [http://hnn.us/articles/11581.html agent] by chief of [[Soviet intelligence]] in the U.S. [[Anatoly Gorsky]] and by another friend at Harvard, [[U.S. State Department|State Department]] official [[Laurence Duggan]]<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dIsmm_ZLHcIC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, p. 202. [[Henry Wallace]] once said that if he became President, he would [http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/18/weekinreview/witching-hour-rethinking-mccarthyism-if-not-mccarthy.html?pagewanted=all make Duggan Secretary of State]; if [[FDR]] had died a few months earlier, Wallace would indeed have become President. It was apparently to protect Duggan's identity that Ignace Poretsky (alias Ignace Reiss) [http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Protected/Articles/000/000/006/224euczs.asp?pg=2 was] [http://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/24/books/intellectuals-and-assassins-annals-of-stalin-s-killerati.html?pagewanted=all murdered]: A Moscow Center report of Poretsky's "liquidation" notes, "For now the danger of 19 [Duggan] ([http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Vassiliev%20Notebooks%20Concordance2.pdf Vassiliev Concordance], p. 2) being exposed through Raymond's [Poretsky's] ([http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Vassiliev%20Notebooks%20Concordance2.pdf Vassiliev Concordance], p. 129) line is significantly diminished." (John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr and Alexander Vassiliev, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qCAVQ_cdomcC Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America]'' [New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009] ISBN 0300123906, p. 232) Poretsky was killed by OGPU agent Roland Abbiat (Walter Krivitsky, ''[http://ia331309.us.archive.org/3/items/instalinssecrets008248mbp/instalinssecrets008248mbp.pdf In Stalin's Secret Service]'' [New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939], pp. 261-263 [PDF 285-287]; Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=9TWUAQ7Xof8C The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB]'' [New York: Basic Books, 2000], ISBN 046500312, pp. 47, 78-79), who would later go under cover as [http://www.powells.com/review/2004_02_12.html  Vladimir Pravdin], head of the Soviet government news agency TASS, in which capacity he would become a [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/9sep_lippman_views_churchill_roosevelt.pdf contact of Walter Lippmann] [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/23oct_stone_fears_fbi.pdf and I.F. Stone], and [http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page70.html be suggested] as the contact for [[GRU]] agent "Ales" at the founding conference of the [[UN]]. Five days after Duggan implicated [[Henry Collins|Collins]] (and [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]]) to the [[FBI]], Hiss would be indicted by a grand jury and the [[NKVD]] would again [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-hoac&month=0503&week=b&msg=vKFVV7vn/1IWcrIN7aXucg&user=&pw= approach Duggan]; [http://www.gutenberg-e.org/osc01/frames/fosc08.html five days] after that, Duggan would [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/118 jump or be thrown] from his New York office window to his [http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,799590,00.html death], leading his friend (and father's [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/06/AR2005100602012.html protégé]), Edward R. Murrow, to broadcast a [http://dca.lib.tufts.edu/features/murrow/exhibit/iie2.html scathing] denunciation of Red-hunters in the U.S. government for hounding an [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/18nov_lawrence_duggan.pdf allegedly] innocent man to his grave.</ref> (himself [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ugMOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VW0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7094%2C2162459 identified] by [[Comintern]] courier<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dIsmm_ZLHcIC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, pp. 227-228; John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=pNwEyL1b6XQC Early Cold War Spies: The Espionage Trials That Shaped American Politics]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006) ISBN 0521857384, p. 110</ref> [http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page100.html Whittaker Chambers], [[OGPU]] recruiter [[Hede Massing]],<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dIsmm_ZLHcIC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, pp. 202-203</ref>, [[Venona]] [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1943/30jun_british_invasion.pdf decrypts] and Soviet [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.documents&group_id=511603 archives]).<ref>Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=9TWUAQ7Xof8C The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB]'' (New York: Basic Books, 2000), ISBN 046500312, p. 109; John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr and Alexander Vassiliev, (''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qCAVQ_cdomcC Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America]'' [New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009] ISBN 0300123906, pp. 220-245</ref> Hiss [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/8-5testimony.html served] on the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]'' under editor [[Lee Pressman]], who would eventually [[testify]] that he had been a member of the "[[Ware group]]," an underground group of Communists in the Federal government.<ref>Testimony of Lee Pressman. Hearings Regarding Communism in the United States Government—Part 2. United States House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities, Washington, D.C., August 28, 1950. Reprinted as Exhibit No. 1402, U.S. Congress, Senate, 82nd Cong., Committee on the Judiciary, Hearings to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Second Session on the Institute of Pacific Relations (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 5503.</ref> Hiss became the protégé of one [[instructor]], future [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] Justice [[Felix Frankfurter]]&mdash;who, said former [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[William Howard Taft]], [[Chief Justice]] of the Supreme Court, "seems to be closely in touch with every [http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,870087,00.html Bolshevist, Communist] movement in this [[country]]." Frankfurter was at the time the [http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/oj/frankff.htm leading champion] of the [[conviction|convicted]] [[murder|murderers]] [[Sacco and Vanzetti]],<ref>Felix Frankfurter, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GiV9cR6277UC The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti: A Critical Analysis for Lawyers and Laymen]'' (Buffalo: Wm. S. Hein & Co., 2003) ISBN 157588805X</ref> [[revolution|revolutionary]] [[terrorist|terrorists]] who became a Communist<ref>Stephen Koch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=YIoFAQAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Double Lives: Stalin, Willi Munzenberg and the Seduction of the Intellectuals]'' (New York: Enigma Books, rev. ed. 2004) ISBN 1929631200, pp. 31-37</ref> ''cause célèbre'',<ref>John F. Neville, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=PXn7LbZRK2IC Twentieth-Century Cause Celebre: Sacco, Vanzetti, and the Press, 1920-1927]'' (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004) ISBN 0275977838 p. 101. Hiss' Harvard classmate, fellow State Department official and [http://nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=8544389&CATLN=6&accessmethod=5&j=1 Soviet intelligence source] Noel Field would later write, "The shock of the Sacco-Vanzetti executions drove me leftward." (Allen Weinstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=YRyoAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case]'' [New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978], ISBN 0394495462, p. 199)</ref> and whom Alger Hiss would later [http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID=E3D7DC83-5DEE-4B84-857A-DF85A526E91C emulate].<ref>New evidence [http://hnn.us/articles/4527.html suggests] that Sacco and Vanzetti were [http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2006/01/28/uptonsinclair-boston.html guilty]. (Cf. Paul Avrich, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=8z8mdUYp-6gC Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America]'' (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005) ISBN 1904859275, p. 133)</ref>

==Early Career==

==Early Career==