Changes

Hopkins feuded with [[Harold L. Ickes]], who ran a rival program the [[PWA]] which created jobs by hiring private contractors who hired the workers. The PWA did not require applicants be unemployed or on relief.

In March 1933 Roosevelt summoned Hopkins to Washington as federal relief administrator. Convinced that paid work was psychologically more valuable than cash handouts (the "dole"), Hopkins sought to continue and expand the Hoover administrations' work-relief programs, especially [[FERA]]. He supervised the [[Federal Emergency Relief Administration]] (FERA), the [[Civil Works Administration]] (CWA).  Hopkins feuded with [[Harold L. Ickes]], who ran a rival program the [[PWA]] which created jobs by hiring private contractors who hired the workers. The PWA did not require applicants be unemployed or on relief.

[[Image:Tax-spend.jpg|thumb|400px|Although Hopkins denied saying "Spend-Spend-Spend; Tax-Tax-Tax; Elect-Elect-Elect," conservative critics thought the slogan fit the New Deal very well. Smith (2005) concludes he did say it.]]

[[Image:Tax-spend.jpg|thumb|400px|Although Hopkins denied saying "Spend-Spend-Spend; Tax-Tax-Tax; Elect-Elect-Elect," conservative critics thought the slogan fit the New Deal very well. Smith (2005) concludes he did say it.]]

FERA, the largest program from 1933-35, was a continuation of Hoover's relief program and involved giving money to localities to operate work relief. CWA was similar, but focused on short-term projects (like maintenance work) that left little visible impact. The FERA is a model for the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009|stimulus package passed by Congress in 2009]].

FERA, the largest program from 1933-35, was a continuation of Hoover's relief program and involved giving money to localities to operate work relief. CWA was similar, but focused on short-term projects (like maintenance work) that left little visible impact. The FERA is a model for the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009|stimulus package passed by Congress in 2009]].

FERA was replaced in 1935 by a much bigger and more important agency that Hopkins ran, the [[WPA]] or "Work Progress Admoinistration."  In cooperation with state and local government, WPA hired men (and some women) directly into federal jobs from local relief roles. The WPA was dramatically new because it operated on its own. It selected projects with the cooperation of local and state government but operated them with its own staff and budget. Hopkins started programs for youth ([[National Youth Administration]]) and for artists and writers ("Federal One"). He and Eleanor Roosevelt worked together to publicize and defend New Deal relief programs. He was concerned with rural areas but more and more focused on cities in the great depression. Critics charged that his WPA, with 2 million men employed, who voted 90% Democratic, was the first national political machine. If Hopkins had plans for becoming president they were shattered in 1940 by the [[Hatch Act]] which made it illegal to use the WPA for political purposes.

FERA was replaced in 1935 by a much bigger and more important agency that Hopkins ran, the [[WPA]] or "Work Progress Admoinistration."  In cooperation with state and local government, WPA hired men (and some women) directly into federal jobs from local relief roles. The WPA was dramatically new because it operated on its own. It selected projects with the cooperation of local and state government but operated them with its own staff and budget. Hopkins estimated that 25 million people got their living from Works Progress Administration alone. 

 

Hopkins started programs for youth ([[National Youth Administration]]) and for artists and writers ("Federal One"). He and Eleanor Roosevelt worked together to publicize and defend New Deal relief programs. He was concerned with rural areas but more and more focused on cities in the great depression. Critics charged that his WPA, with 2 million men employed, who voted 90% Democratic, was the first national political machine. If Hopkins had plans for becoming president they were shattered in 1940 by the [[Hatch Act]] which made it illegal to use the WPA for political purposes. Roosevelt biographer John Flynn observed, " It became a part of Mr. Hopkins' WPA organization to learn how many of the down-and-­out had enough devotion to Franklin D. Roosevelt to be entitled to eat." <ref>''The Roosevelt Myth'', John T. Flynn, Fox and Wilkes, 1948, Book 1, Ch. 6, [http://www.rooseveltmyth.com/book/fdrmyth_Chapter_Four___Harry_the_Hop_and.htm ''Harry the Hop and the Happy Hot Dogs'']</ref> Hopkins' performances in WPA became such that he had to leave that position after the 1938 elections were over and was appointed [[Secretary of Commerce]].  Significantly, one old associate who moved with Hopkins into his new world was [[David K. Niles]] who had been his chief political adviser and campaign strategist.<ref>''Roosevelt and Hopkins : An Intimate History'', Robert E. Sherwood, New York Harper and Brothers, 1948, [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Roosevelt_and_Hopkins-An_Intimate_History-Robert_E_Sherwood-1948-1034pgs-GOV-POL.sml.pdf&id=252&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 pg. 129] pdf.</ref>  A little more than a year and a half later Hopkins moved to the [[White House]] as a close presidential confidant, adviser and resident, paid a salary that was never authorized by Congress.

==World War II==

==World War II==

Hopkins died in New York City in January 1946, succumbing to a long and debilitating battle with stomach cancer.

Hopkins died in New York City in January 1946, succumbing to a long and debilitating battle with stomach cancer.

===Mission to Moscow===

===Mission to Moscow===

Recent scholarship has concluded that [[Venona project]] codename ''Zamestitel'' (English translation, "Deputy"), is Harry Hopkins. <ref>Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel. ''The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors''. Washington, DC: Regnery, 2000.</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3827/is_200107/ai_n8970062 Reds in the White House], by William P. Hoar, Human Events,  Summer 2001. Review of Romerstein and Breindel, ''The Venona Secrets''.</ref><ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-6/de_toledo2.html Interview with Ralph de Toledano], Episode 6: Reds.</ref> Eduard Mark, historian at the United States Air Force Academy, builds a case that if Zamestitel is [[Henry Wallace]], as some have hypothesized, than agent 19 <ref>812 Venona 29 May 1943, "19 reports on Roosevelt/Churchill meetings," [http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/29_May_1943_m4_p1.gif pg. 1],[http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/29_May_1943_m4_p2.gif pg. 2].</ref> at the Trident conference is Hopkins. <ref>Eduard Mark, ''Venona's Source 19 and the 'Trident' Conference of May 1943: Diplomacy or Espionage'', Intelligence and National Security 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998), 1-31.</ref>  Mark argues on the basis of a close reading of the attendance records of the Trident conference and other evidence that he located that the most likely Deputy (Zamestitel) was Wallace and Source no. 19 was Hopkins. Source no. 19 was very highly placed in as much as he was asked to join a private conversation with President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill. Source no. 19 reported on a private conversation he had with Roosevelt and Churchill during the just ended 'Trident' conference of the two Allied powers in Washington.  Source no. 19 reported on Churchill's views on why a 1943 Anglo-American invasion of continental Europe was inadvisable.  The message also reported that Zamestitel supported a second-front and that it appeared that Roosevelt had been keeping Zamestitel in the dark about "important military decisions." The message, from the New York KGB office to Moscow, is signed by the [[KGB]] illegal officer, [[Iskhak Akhmerov]].  It states "19 reports that Kapitan [Roosevelt] and Kaban [Churchill], during conversations in the Country [USA], invited 19 to join them and Zamestitel."  In the 1960s, longtime Akhmerov professed at a secret meeting of Soviet intelligence officers that Harry Hopkins was "the most important of all Soviet wartime agents in the United States."<ref>[http://www.academia.org/campus_reports/2000/november_2000_4.html What Your Textbooks Won't Tell You About the Cold War], Dan Flynn, Accuracy in Academia.</ref>

Recent scholarship has concluded that [[Venona project]] codename ''Zamestitel'' (English translation, "Deputy"), is Harry Hopkins. <ref>Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel. ''The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors''. Washington, DC: Regnery, 2000.</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3827/is_200107/ai_n8970062 Reds in the White House], by William P. Hoar, Human Events,  Summer 2001. Review of Romerstein and Breindel, ''The Venona Secrets''.</ref><ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-6/de_toledo2.html Interview with Ralph de Toledano], Episode 6: Reds.</ref> Eduard Mark, historian at the United States Air Force Academy, builds a case that if Zamestitel is [[Henry Wallace]], as some have hypothesized, than agent 19 <ref>812 Venona 29 May 1943, "19 reports on Roosevelt/Churchill meetings," [http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/29_May_1943_m4_p1.gif pg. 1],[http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/29_May_1943_m4_p2.gif pg. 2].</ref> at the Trident conference is Hopkins. <ref>Eduard Mark, ''Venona's Source 19 and the 'Trident' Conference of May 1943: Diplomacy or Espionage'', Intelligence and National Security 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998), 1-31.</ref>  Mark argues on the basis of a close reading of the attendance records of the Trident conference and other evidence that he located that the most likely Deputy (Zamestitel) was Wallace and Source no. 19 was Hopkins. Source no. 19 was very highly placed in as much as he was asked to join a private conversation with President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill. Source no. 19 reported on a private conversation he had with Roosevelt and Churchill during the just ended 'Trident' conference of the two Allied powers in Washington.  Source no. 19 reported on Churchill's views on why a 1943 Anglo-American invasion of continental Europe was inadvisable.  The message also reported that Zamestitel supported a second-front and that it appeared that Roosevelt had been keeping Zamestitel in the dark about "important military decisions." The message, from the New York KGB office to Moscow, is signed by the [[KGB]] illegal officer, [[Iskhak Akhmerov]].  It states "19 reports that Kapitan [Roosevelt] and Kaban [Churchill], during conversations in the Country [USA], invited 19 to join them and Zamestitel."  In the 1960s, longtime Akhmerov professed at a secret meeting of Soviet intelligence officers that Harry Hopkins was "the most important of all Soviet wartime agents in the United States."<ref>[http://www.academia.org/campus_reports/2000/november_2000_4.html What Your Textbooks Won't Tell You About the Cold War], Dan Flynn, Accuracy in Academia.</ref>

===Other Venona related documents==

===Other Venona related documents===

An April 14, 1941 Memorandum from the U.S. Military Attaché (G-2) in Moscow, found in the Harry Hopkins Papers at the FDR Library, entitled ''NKVD of the USSR'' <ref>

An April 14, 1941 Memorandum from the U.S. Military Attaché (G-2) in Moscow, found in the Harry Hopkins Papers at the FDR Library, entitled ''NKVD of the USSR'' <ref>

  Joseph A. Michela, Military Attaché Moscow Report 1903, [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/part1.htm''N.K.V.D. of the U.S.S.R.,''] 14 April 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Harry Hopkins Papers, "MID Reports--USSR--Volume V," box 190. </ref>, it states in part,

  Joseph A. Michela, Military Attaché Moscow Report 1903, [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/part1.htm''N.K.V.D. of the U.S.S.R.,''] 14 April 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Harry Hopkins Papers, "MID Reports--USSR--Volume V," box 190. </ref>, it states in part,

{{Cquote|Although the Soviets disclaim [[forced labor]] in this country, the organization of this commissariat is interesting to note.  In it are the means to apprehend (militia), try and sentence (advisory council) and imprison offenders ([[Gulag|corrective labor]]).  Any governmental organization that has a crying need for labor simply calls upon the NKVD to supply it.  If the amount of labor is insufficient to supply the need, it is relatively an easy matter to institute a [[reign of terror]] on any pretext and fill up [[labor colonies]] to meet requirements....Its close supervision over the people, its [[pogroms]], its raids and arrests, has instilled fear...[http://web.archive.org/web/20040423034159/www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/5d.gif]...The NKVD has every individual under observation from birth to death...its secret agents are everywhere; its actions are swift.  An individual simply disappears in the middle of the night and no one ever sees or hears of him again. ...When Stalin needs scapegoats to cover government mistakes he unleashes his NKVD...The Soviet Union is in itself a prison and the NKVD and State Security are its keepers. [http://web.archive.org/web/20040423034159/www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/5d.gif]}}

{{Cquote|Although the Soviets disclaim [[forced labor]] in this country, the organization of this commissariat is interesting to note.  In it are the means to apprehend (militia), try and sentence (advisory council) and imprison offenders ([[Gulag|corrective labor]]).  Any governmental organization that has a crying need for labor simply calls upon the NKVD to supply it.  If the amount of labor is insufficient to supply the need, it is relatively an easy matter to institute a [[reign of terror]] on any pretext and fill up [[labor colonies]] to meet requirements....Its close supervision over the people, its [[pogroms]], its raids and arrests, has instilled fear...[http://web.archive.org/web/20040423034159/www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/5d.gif]...The NKVD has every individual under observation from birth to death...its secret agents are everywhere; its actions are swift.  An individual simply disappears in the middle of the night and no one ever sees or hears of him again. ...When Stalin needs scapegoats to cover government mistakes he unleashes his NKVD...The Soviet Union is in itself a prison and the NKVD and State Security are its keepers. [http://web.archive.org/web/20040423034159/www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/5d.gif]}}

==Bibliography==

==Bibliography==