Changes

On July 30, 1944 Service wrote, "...the [[Communist]]s base their policy toward the [[Kuomintang]] on a real desire for democracy in [[China]] under which there can be orderly [[economic]] growth through a stage of private enterprise to eventual [[socialism]] without the need of [[violent]] social upheaval and [[revolution]]." <ref>E. J. Kahn, Jr., ''The China Hands: America's Foreign Service Officers and What Befell Them'', New York, 1972, pg. 118.</ref>

On July 30, 1944 Service wrote, "...the [[Communist]]s base their policy toward the [[Kuomintang]] on a real desire for democracy in [[China]] under which there can be orderly [[economic]] growth through a stage of private enterprise to eventual [[socialism]] without the need of [[violent]] social upheaval and [[revolution]]." <ref>E. J. Kahn, Jr., ''The China Hands: America's Foreign Service Officers and What Befell Them'', New York, 1972, pg. 118.</ref>

According to an [[FBI]] report, "A highly confidential source, which is completely reliable, has advised that Max and [[Grace Granich]], both of whom have been engaged in [[Communist Party USA|Communist]] and [[Comintern]] activities for many years, were advised in the fall of 1944 that Service was returning to Washington from China, and that they should contact him because he could furnish fullest details as to the latest developments."<ref>FBI Report: Soviet Espionage Activity in the United States, November 25, 1945, p. 46</ref> [[Max Granich]] (brother of [[Communist Party]] [http://www.college.cengage.com/english/lauter/heath/4e/students/author_pages/modern/gold_mi.html cultural commissar]<ref>Cary D. Wintz and Paul Finkelman (Eds.), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=z6Cs0Y1pvRAC Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance]'' (Taylor & Francis, 2004) ISBN 1579584578, p. 240</ref> "Mike Gold") was the bodyguard and chauffeur of [[Communist Party|C.P.]] General Secretary [[Earl Browder]]; Grace Granich was Browder's personal secretary. During the 1930s they had been [[Comintern]] agents stationed in China.<ref>Historical/Biographical Note, [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/granich_content.html Guide to the Grace Granich and Max Granich Papers], Elmer Holmes Bobst Library, Tamiment Library / Wagner Archives, New York University</ref>

According to an [[FBI]] report, "A highly confidential source, which is completely reliable, has advised that Max and [[Grace Granich]], both of whom have been engaged in [[Communist Party USA|Communist]] and [[Comintern]] activities for many years, were advised in the fall of 1944 that Service was returning to Washington from China, and that they should contact him because he could furnish fullest details as to the latest developments."<ref>FBI Report: Soviet Espionage Activity in the United States, November 25, 1945, p. 46</ref> [[Max Granich]] (brother of [[Communist Party]] [http://www.college.cengage.com/english/lauter/heath/4e/students/author_pages/modern/gold_mi.html cultural commissar]<ref>Cary D. Wintz and Paul Finkelman (Eds.), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=z6Cs0Y1pvRAC Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance]'' (Taylor & Francis, 2004) ISBN 1579584578, p. 240</ref> "Mike Gold") was the bodyguard and chauffeur of [[Communist Party|C.P.]] General Secretary [[Earl Browder]]; Grace Granich was Browder's personal secretary. During the 1930s they had been [[Comintern]] agents stationed in China.<ref>Historical/Biographical Note, [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/granich_content.html Guide to the Grace Granich and Max Granich Papers], Elmer Holmes Bobst Library, Tamiment Library / Wagner Archives, New York University</ref>

Upon his arrival in D.C., Service met with<ref>M. Stanton Evans, ''Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies'' (New York: Crown Forum, 2007) ISBN 9781400081059, p. 111</ref> with [[White House]] aide [[Lauchlin Currie]], who would be identified by [[Anatoly Gorsky|Gorsky]] as the [http://www.salon.com/news/col/horo/1999/12/06/weisberg/print.html Soviet spy] code-named "PAZh/Page,"<ref>Vassiliev's ''[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Translated1.pdf Black Notebook]'', p. 78</ref> who is recorded in [[Venona]] giving information to [[Iskhak Akhmerov]],<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/14oct_pazh_eleron_albert_robert.pdf 1463 KGB New York to Moscow 14 October 1944]</ref> [http://leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9706/reviews/buckley.html the leading] [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hissVenona.html NKVD illegal] in the U.S.,<ref>Christopher M. Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SCIFAQAAIAAJ KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev]'' (HarperCollins, 1990) ISBN 0060166053, p. 286</ref> and "handing over documents" to [[Nathan Gregory Silvermaster]].<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1945/20mar_illegal_albert.pdf 253 KGB Moscow to New York 20 March 1945]</ref>&mdash. Currie was also the NKVD agent<ref>Robert J. Hanyok, ''[http://www.nsa.gov/about/_files/cryptologic_heritage/publications/wwii/eavesdropping.pdf Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939-1945]'' (Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency, 2005), pp. 118-119 [PDF p. 123-124], n. 185; John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dIsmm_ZLHcIC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, p. 146</ref> in the [[White House]]<ref>[http://www.ncix.gov/issues/CI_Reader/Vol3/Vol3Chap1.pdf "Cold War Counterintelligence," ''A Counterintelligence Reader: An American Revolution Into the New Millennium'', Vol. 3, Chapter 1] (Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive) pp. 30-31 (PDF pp. 29-30); Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mVpWH51F7toC The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors]'' (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2001) ISBN 0895262258, p. 167</ref> who tipped the Kremlin off in 1944 that the U.S. was on the verge of breaking the Soviet code),<ref>Kathryn S. Olmsted, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=kwQQDXs__wwC Red Spy Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth Bentley]'' (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 2002), ISBN 0807827398, p. 49; Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=9TWUAQ7Xof8C The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB]'' (New York: Basic Books, 2000), ISBN 046500312, p. 130; Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner, eds., ''[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/preface.htm Venona: Soviet Espionage and The American Response]'' (Washington: National Security Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, 1996), pp. xiv, xxiv; FBI memo: Belmont to Boardman, February 1, 1956, p. 9 ([http://foia.fbi.gov/venona/venona.pdf FBI file: Venona], p. 71)</ref> along with [[FDR]]'s personal emissary to [[Soviet]] dictator [[Josef Stalin]], [[Harry Hopkins]] (whom Akhmerov called "the most important of all Soviet war-time agents in the United States," according to Oleg Gordievsky, the highest-ranking [[KGB]] agent ever to defect),<ref>Peter B. Niblo, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=kksbT33Cb6wC Influence: The Soviet Task Leading to Pearl Harbor, the Iron Curtain, and the Cold War]'' (Oakland, Ore.: Elderberry Press, 2002) ISBN 1930859147, p. 65. In 2008, Gordievsky would become [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7333382.stm partially paralyzed], as a result, he told Scotland Yard, of what he suspected was an assassination attempt. The late U.S. Air Force historian Eduard Mark identified [[Harry Hopkins|Hopkins]] as [[Venona project|Venona]]'s Soviet agent "19." Eduard Mark, “Venona’s Source 19 and the ‘Trident’ Conference of 1943: Diplomacy or Espionage,” ''Intelligence and National Security'', Summer 1998</ref> and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury [[Harry Dexter White]], the "most important member of the [[Silvermaster group|Silvermaster network]] and the most highly placed asset the Soviets possessed in the American government."<ref>John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr and Alexander Vassiliev, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qCAVQ_cdomcC Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America] (Yale University Press, 2009) ISBN 0300123906, p. 258</ref> Service also visited the Washington headquarters of the [[Institute of Pacific Relations]], which would be identified by the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] as "a vehicle used by the Communists to orientate American far eastern policies toward Communist objectives."<ref>Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, [http://ia360610.us.archive.org/0/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations] (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 225</ref>

 

Upon his arrival in D.C., Service met with<ref>M. Stanton Evans, ''Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies'' (New York: Crown Forum, 2007) ISBN 9781400081059, p. 111</ref> with [[White House]] aide [[Lauchlin Currie]] (who would be identified by [[Anatoly Gorsky|Gorsky]] as the [http://www.salon.com/news/col/horo/1999/12/06/weisberg/print.html Soviet spy] code-named "PAZh/Page,"<ref>Vassiliev's ''[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Translated1.pdf Black Notebook]'', p. 78</ref> who is recorded in [[Venona]] giving information to [[Iskhak Akhmerov|Akhmerov]]<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/14oct_pazh_eleron_albert_robert.pdf 1463 KGB New York to Moscow 14 October 1944]</ref> and "handing over documents" to [[Nathan Gregory Silvermaster|Silvermaster]];<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1945/20mar_illegal_albert.pdf 253 KGB Moscow to New York 20 March 1945]</ref>&mdash;and was the NKVD agent<ref>Robert J. Hanyok, ''[http://www.nsa.gov/about/_files/cryptologic_heritage/publications/wwii/eavesdropping.pdf Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939-1945]'' (Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency, 2005), pp. 118-119 [PDF p. 123-124], n. 185; John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dIsmm_ZLHcIC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, p. 146</ref> in the White House<ref>[http://www.ncix.gov/issues/CI_Reader/Vol3/Vol3Chap1.pdf "Cold War Counterintelligence," ''A Counterintelligence Reader: An American Revolution Into the New Millennium'', Vol. 3, Chapter 1] (Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive) pp. 30-31 (PDF pp. 29-30); Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mVpWH51F7toC The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors]'' (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2001) ISBN 0895262258, p. 167</ref> who tipped the Kremlin off in 1944 that the U.S. was on the verge of breaking the Soviet code),<ref>Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=9TWUAQ7Xof8C The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB]'' (New York: Basic Books, 2000), ISBN 046500312, p. 130; Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner, eds., ''[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/preface.htm Venona: Soviet Espionage and The American Response]'' (Washington: National Security Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, 1996), pp. xiv, xxiv; FBI memo: Belmont to Boardman, February 1, 1956, p. 9 ([http://foia.fbi.gov/venona/venona.pdf FBI file: Venona], p. 71)</ref> along with [[FDR]]'s personal emissary to [[Soviet]] dictator [[Josef Stalin]], [[Harry Hopkins]] (whom [[Iskhak Akhmerov]], [http://leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9706/reviews/buckley.html the leading] [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hissVenona.html NKVD illegal] in the U.S.,<ref>Christopher M. Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SCIFAQAAIAAJ KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev]'' (HarperCollins, 1990) ISBN 0060166053, p. 286</ref> called "the most important of all Soviet war-time agents in the United States," according to Oleg Gordievsky, the highest-ranking [[KGB]] agent ever to defect),<ref>Peter B. Niblo, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=kksbT33Cb6wC Influence: The Soviet Task Leading to Pearl Harbor, the Iron Curtain, and the Cold War]'' (Oakland, Ore.: Elderberry Press, 2002) ISBN 1930859147, p. 65. In 2008, Gordievsky would become [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7333382.stm partially paralyzed], as a result, he told Scotland Yard, of what he suspected was an assassination attempt. The late U.S. Air Force historian Eduard Mark identified [[Harry Hopkins|Hopkins]] as [[Venona project|Venona]]'s Soviet agent "19." Eduard Mark, “Venona’s Source 19 and the ‘Trident’ Conference of 1943: Diplomacy or Espionage,” ''Intelligence and National Security'', Summer 1998</ref> and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury [[Harry Dexter White]], the "most important member of the [[Silvermaster group|Silvermaster network]] and the most highly placed asset the Soviets possessed in the American government."<ref>John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr and Alexander Vassiliev, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qCAVQ_cdomcC Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America] (Yale University Press, 2009) ISBN 0300123906, p. 258</ref>

 

===Institute of Pacific Relations===

Service also visited the Washington headquarters of the [[Institute of Pacific Relations]], which would be identified by the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] as "a vehicle used by the Communists to orientate American far eastern policies toward Communist objectives."<ref>Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, [http://ia360610.us.archive.org/0/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations] (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 225</ref> FBI surveillance recorded that Service then met with the [[Communist]]<ref>Philip Jaffe, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=YTUPGQAACAAJ The Amerasia Case from 1945 to the Present]'' (New York: Philip J. Jaffe, 1979), p. 1</ref> [[Philip Jaffe]] on April 19, 1945 at D.C.'s Statler Hotel, reporting: "Service, according to the microphone surveillance, apparently gave Jaffe a document which dealt with matters the Chinese had furnished to the United States government in confidence."<ref>Report of the United States Senate Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, 1950, Vol. 2, appendix, p. 2051</ref> Among the documents Service gave Jaffe was a report by his and [[Solomon Adler|Adler]]'s other [[USSR|Soviet]] agent housemate, Chi, about which Service warned Jaffe that his source would "get his neck pretty badly wrung"<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 978-0807822456, p. 60</ref> if it got out. The surveillance also caught Service admitting to Jaffe, "what I said about the military plans is, of course, very secret."<ref>Subcommittee on S. Res. 231, Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 81st Cong., 2d Sess.,  [http://ia341011.us.archive.org/1/items/statedepartmente195001unit/statedepartmente195001unit.pdf State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation, Vol. 1], (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950), p. 1404 (PDF p. 1420)</ref>

==Amerasia scandal==

==Amerasia scandal==

[[OSS]] and FBI investigators broke into in the offices of ''[[Amerasia]]'', finding hundreds of government documents, many labeled "secret," "top secret," or "confidential."<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 131</ref> Among the papers seized were "a hundred-odd items from the pen of John Stewart Service";<ref>Henry M. Adams, "[http://www.mmisi.org/ma/14_3-4/adams2.pdf The Betrayal of Asia]," ''Modern Age'', Vol. 14, Nos. 3-4 (Summer-Fall 1970), pp. 338-340</ref> Service was arrested as a suspect. In the wake of the arrests, the Soviet agent [[Lauchlin Currie|Currie]] told New Deal "fixer" [[Thomas Corcoran]] he wanted the charges against Service dropped.<ref>Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mVpWH51F7toC The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors]'' (Regnery Publishing, 2001) ISBN 0895262258, p. 168</ref> An FBI wire tap then caught "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_v19/ai_4696995/ Tommy the Cork]"<ref>David McKean, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=RlV3AAAAMAAJ Tommy the Cork: Washington's Ultimate Insider from Roosevelt to Reagan]'' (Steerforth Press, 2004) ISBN 1586420682</ref> trying to "throw a monkey wrench into the ''Amerasia'' prosecution,"<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 112</ref> in the form of a "political fix."<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 125</ref> One FBI memorandum, under the heading "Political Manipulations," citing "technical surveillance on the offices of Thomas J. Corcoran," reported:

[[OSS]] and FBI investigators broke into in the offices of ''[[Amerasia]]'', finding hundreds of government documents, many labeled "secret," "top secret," or "confidential."<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 131</ref> Among the papers seized were "a hundred-odd items from the pen of John Stewart Service";<ref>Henry M. Adams, "[http://www.mmisi.org/ma/14_3-4/adams2.pdf The Betrayal of Asia]," ''Modern Age'', Vol. 14, Nos. 3-4 (Summer-Fall 1970), pp. 338-340</ref> Service was arrested as a suspect. In the wake of the arrests, the Soviet agent [[Lauchlin Currie|Currie]] told New Deal "fixer" [[Thomas Corcoran]] he wanted the charges against Service dropped.<ref>Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mVpWH51F7toC The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors]'' (Regnery Publishing, 2001) ISBN 0895262258, p. 168</ref> An FBI wire tap then caught "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_v19/ai_4696995/ Tommy the Cork]"<ref>David McKean, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=RlV3AAAAMAAJ Tommy the Cork: Washington's Ultimate Insider from Roosevelt to Reagan]'' (Steerforth Press, 2004) ISBN 1586420682</ref> trying to "throw a monkey wrench into the ''Amerasia'' prosecution,"<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 112</ref> in the form of a "political fix."<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 125</ref> One FBI memorandum, under the heading "Political Manipulations," citing "technical surveillance on the offices of Thomas J. Corcoran," reported: