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===[[Venona project|VENONA]] and ''[[Amerasia]]''===

===[[Venona project|VENONA]] and ''[[Amerasia]]''===

The first breakthrough in decrypting the [[USSR|Soviet]] code had come in 1943.<ref>[[#refPrefaceBW96|Preface, NSA/CIA 1996]]</ref> In November 1944, the [[OSS]] mission in Stockholm was approached by Finnish intelligence officers with an offer to sell some 1,500 pages of material relating to Soviet codes, including a code used by the [[NKVD]]. Finnish troops had found the scorched codebooks and cryptographic materials in June 1941, in the [[USSR]]'s consulate at Petsamo.<ref>[[#refPrefaceBW96|Preface, NSA/CIA 1996]]</ref> Stettinius told OSS Director [[William J. Donovan|Donovan]] to reject the offer on the grounds that [[Russia]] was an ally, but the OSS purchased the material anyway. At the instigation of the [[State Department]], [[Franklin Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] ordered Donovan to return the material to the Soviets forthwith. After a failed attempt to deliver it to [[Pavel Fitin]], head of NKVD foreign intelligence, the material was finally handed over to Soviet Ambassador to the U.S. Andrei Gromyko.<ref>[[#refPowers04|Powers 2004]]: 15-16</ref> As a result, the application of this material to decrypting the Venona traffic would be delayed until 1953.<ref>National Security Agency, [http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps33230/www.nsa.gov/docs/venona/monographs/monograph-1.html Introductory History of VENONA and Guide to the Translations]</ref>

The first breakthrough in decrypting the [[USSR|Soviet]] code had come in 1943.<ref>[[#refPrefaceBW96|Preface, NSA/CIA 1996]]</ref> In November 1944, the [[OSS]] mission in Stockholm was approached by Finnish intelligence officers with an offer to sell some 1,500 pages of material relating to Soviet codes, including a code used by the [[NKVD]].<ref>[[#refPowers04|Powers 2004]]: 15</ref> Finnish troops had found the scorched codebooks and cryptographic materials in June 1941, in the [[USSR]]'s consulate at Petsamo.<ref>[[#refPrefaceBW96|Preface, NSA/CIA 1996]]</ref> Stettinius told OSS Director [[William J. Donovan|Donovan]] to reject the offer on the grounds that [[Russia]] was an ally, but the OSS purchased the material anyway. At the instigation of the [[State Department]], [[Franklin Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] ordered Donovan to return the material to the Soviets forthwith. After a failed attempt to deliver it to [[Pavel Fitin]], head of NKVD foreign intelligence, the material was finally handed over to Soviet Ambassador to the U.S. Andrei Gromyko.<ref>[[#refPowers04|Powers 2004]]: 15-16</ref> As a result, the application of this material to decrypting the Venona traffic would be delayed until 1953.<ref>National Security Agency, [http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps33230/www.nsa.gov/docs/venona/monographs/monograph-1.html Introductory History of VENONA and Guide to the Translations]</ref>

After November 1944, “decrypts of messages were shown to President Roosevelt by a United States Naval Officer whose duty it was to take the decrypts to the White House.”<ref>[[#refBP95|Benson, Phillips 1995]]: p. 38</ref> In May 1945 a U.S. Army intelligence team discovered a second codebook at a German signals intelligence archive in Saxony, in territory assigned to the Soviet zone of occupation. Only a day or so prior to Soviet occupation of the area, the team removed the material, which then made its way to the Army's Signals Intelligence Service (SIS).<ref>John Earl Haynes, [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H-Diplo&month=0305&week=c&msg=22Pqnm844qaMxYtDmAjBPg&user=&pw= Venona Codebooks], H-DIPLO Discussion Logs, May 19, 2003</ref> But several months before the war would end on August 14, 1945, Brigadier General Carter Clarke of Army G-2 (Intelligence) would notify SIS that he had received instructions from the [[White House]] to "cease any effort against the [[Soviet]] problem."<ref>[[#refNSA95|NSA 1995]]: 159 (PDF 172) This report goes on to say that it was later discovered that the [[White House]] staff had been infiltrated by a [[Communist]] or "[[fellow traveller|fellow traveler]]."</ref>

After November 1944, “decrypts of messages were shown to President Roosevelt by a United States Naval Officer whose duty it was to take the decrypts to the White House.”<ref>[[#refBP95|Benson, Phillips 1995]]: p. 38</ref> In May 1945 a U.S. Army intelligence team discovered a second codebook at a German signals intelligence archive in Saxony, in territory assigned to the Soviet zone of occupation. Only a day or so prior to Soviet occupation of the area, the team removed the material, which then made its way to the Army's Signals Intelligence Service (SIS).<ref>John Earl Haynes, [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H-Diplo&month=0305&week=c&msg=22Pqnm844qaMxYtDmAjBPg&user=&pw= Venona Codebooks], H-DIPLO Discussion Logs, May 19, 2003</ref> But several months before the war would end on August 14, 1945, Brigadier General Carter Clarke of Army G-2 (Intelligence) would notify SIS that he had received instructions from the [[White House]] to "cease any effort against the [[Soviet]] problem."<ref>[[#refNSA95|NSA 1995]]: 159 (PDF 172) This report goes on to say that it was later discovered that the [[White House]] staff had been infiltrated by a [[Communist]] or "[[fellow traveller|fellow traveler]]."</ref>