Changes

at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory#The Manhattan Project|Los Alamos National Laboratories]].<ref>[http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/commissions/secrecy/pdf/12hist1.pdf A Brief Account of the American Experience]. Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. VI; Appendix A. U.S. Government Printing Office. pg. A-27. "Thanks to successful espionage, the Russians tested their first atom bomb in August 1949, just four years after the first American test. As will be discussed, we had learned of the Los Alamos spies in December 1946—December 20, to be precise. The U.S. Army Security Agency, in the person of Meredith Knox Gardner, a genius in his own right, had broken one of what it termed the Venona messages—the transmissions that Soviet agents in the United States sent to and received from Moscow."</ref>  Identities soon emerged of American, [[Canadian]], [[Australia]]n, and British spies in service to the Soviet government, including [[Klaus Fuchs]], [[Alan Nunn May]] and  [[Donald Duart Maclean|Donald Maclean]], a member of the [[Cambridge Five]] spy ring. Others worked in Washington in the State Department, Treasury, Office of Strategic Services,<ref>[http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/commissions/secrecy/pdf/12hist1.pdf A Brief Account of the American Experience]. Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. VI; Appendix A. U.S. Government Printing Office. pg. A-7. "KGB cables indicated that the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in World War II had been thoroughly infiltrated with Soviet agents."</ref> and even the White House.

at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory#The Manhattan Project|Los Alamos National Laboratories]].<ref>[http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/commissions/secrecy/pdf/12hist1.pdf A Brief Account of the American Experience]. Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. VI; Appendix A. U.S. Government Printing Office. pg. A-27. "Thanks to successful espionage, the Russians tested their first atom bomb in August 1949, just four years after the first American test. As will be discussed, we had learned of the Los Alamos spies in December 1946—December 20, to be precise. The U.S. Army Security Agency, in the person of Meredith Knox Gardner, a genius in his own right, had broken one of what it termed the Venona messages—the transmissions that Soviet agents in the United States sent to and received from Moscow."</ref>  Identities soon emerged of American, [[Canadian]], [[Australia]]n, and British spies in service to the Soviet government, including [[Klaus Fuchs]], [[Alan Nunn May]] and  [[Donald Duart Maclean|Donald Maclean]], a member of the [[Cambridge Five]] spy ring. Others worked in Washington in the State Department, Treasury, Office of Strategic Services,<ref>[http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/commissions/secrecy/pdf/12hist1.pdf A Brief Account of the American Experience]. Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. VI; Appendix A. U.S. Government Printing Office. pg. A-7. "KGB cables indicated that the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in World War II had been thoroughly infiltrated with Soviet agents."</ref> and even the White House.

The decrypts show that the U.S. and other nations were targeted in major espionage campaigns by the Soviet Union as early as 1942. Among those identified are [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]]; [[Alger Hiss]]; [[Harry Dexter White]],<ref>Benson, Robert L.

The decrypts show that the U.S. and other nations were targeted in major espionage campaigns by the Soviet Union as early as 1942. Among those identified are [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]]; [[Alger Hiss]]; [[Harry Dexter White]],<ref>Benson, Robert L. [http://www.nsa.gov/publications/publi00039.cfm ''The Venona Story''], National Security Agency</ref> the second-highest official in the Treasury Department; [[Lauchlin Currie]],<ref>

| url = http://www.nsa.gov/publications/publi00039.cf The Venona Story

[http://www.nsa.gov/publications/publi00044.cfm ''Eavesdropping on Hell''], National Security Agency.  "Currie, known as PAZh (Page) and White, whose cover names were YuRIST (Jurist) and changed later to LAJER (Lawyer), had been Soviet agents since the 1930s. They had been identified as Soviet agents in Venona translations and by other agents turned witnesses or informants for the FBI and [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]]. From the Venona translations, both were known to pass intelligence to their handlers, notably the [[Greg Silvermaster#Silvermaster group|Silvermaster network]]."</ref>  

| publisher = National Security Agency

a personal aide to Franklin Roosevelt; and [[Maurice Halperin]],<ref>Warner, Michael, 2000. [https://www.cia.gov/csi/books/oss/art07.htm The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency]; Chapter: X-2. Central Intelligence Agency Publications.  "[[Duncan C. Lee]], Research & Analysis labor economist [[Donald Wheeler]], Morale Operations Indonesia expert [[Jane Foster Zlatowski]], and Research & Analysis Latin America specialist Maurice Halperin, nevertheless passed information to Moscow." For title page to book, see [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/oss/index.htm here]</ref>

}}</ref>  

the second-highest official in the Treasury Department; [[Lauchlin Currie]],<ref>

| url = http://www.nsa.gov/publications/publi00044.cfm

| title = Eavesdropping on Hell

| publisher = National Security Agency

}} "Currie, known as PAZh (Page) and White, whose cover names were YuRIST (Jurist) and changed later to LAJER (Lawyer), had been Soviet agents since the 1930s. They had been identified as Soviet agents in Venona translations and by other agents turned witnesses or informants for the FBI and [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]]. From the Venona translations, both were known to pass intelligence to their handlers, notably the [[Greg Silvermaster#Silvermaster group|Silvermaster network]]."</ref>  

a personal aide to Franklin Roosevelt; and [[Maurice Halperin]],<ref>

| last = Warner

| first = Michael

| year = 2000

| url = https://www.cia.gov/csi/books/oss/art07.htm

| title = The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency; Chapter: X-2

| publisher = Central Intelligence Agency Publications

}} "[[Duncan C. Lee]], Research & Analysis labor economist [[Donald Wheeler]], Morale Operations Indonesia expert [[Jane Foster Zlatowski]], and Research & Analysis Latin America specialist Maurice Halperin, nevertheless passed information to Moscow." For title page to book, see [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/oss/index.htm here]</ref>

a section head in the Office of Strategic Services.  

a section head in the Office of Strategic Services.  

By comparing the known movements of the agents with the corresponding activities described in the intercepts, the FBI and the code-breakers were able to match the aliases with the actual spies.<ref>Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 1998, ''Secrecy : The American Experience'', Yale University Press, pg. 54, ISBN 0-300-08079-4. </ref> Nearly every American military and diplomatic agency of any importance was compromised to some extent<ref>Peale, Hayden B., [http://www.nwc.navy.mil/press/review/2000/summer/re2-su0.htm ''The Venona Progeny''], Naval War College Review, Summer 2000, Vol. LIII, No. 3.  "Venona makes absolutely clear that they had active agents in the U.S. State Department, Treasury Department, Justice Department, Senate committee staffs, the military services, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the Manhattan Project, and the White House, as well as wartime agencies. No modern government was more thoroughly penetrated."</ref>

}} "In these coded messages the spies' identities were concealed beneath aliases, but by comparing the known movements of the agents with the corresponding activities described in the intercepts, the FBI and the code-breakers were able to match the aliases with the actual spies."</ref>

Further complicating matters is the fact that the same person sometimes had different code names at different times, and the same code name was sometimes reused for different individuals. In some cases, notably that of Alger Hiss, the matching of a Venona code name to an individual is disputed. In many other cases, a Venona code name has not yet been linked to any person. According to authors [[John Earl Haynes]] and [[Harvey Klehr]], the Venona transcripts identify approximately 349 Americans who they claim had a covert relationship with Soviet intelligence, though less than half of these have been matched to real-name identities.<ref>

| author = Haynes, John Earl and Klehr, Harvey

| publisher = Yale University Press

| pages = pg. 12

| id = ISBN 0-300-08462-5

 

The Office of Strategic Services, the predecessor to the [[CIA]], housed at one time or another between fifteen and twenty Soviet spies.<ref>

}}</ref>  

[[Duncan Lee]], [[Donald Wheeler]], [[Jane Foster Zlatowski]], and [[Maurice Halperin]] passed information to Moscow. The [[War Production Board]], the [[Board of Economic Warfare]], the Office of the [[Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]] and the [[Office of War Information]], included at least half a dozen Soviet sources each among their employees. In the opinion of some, almost every American military and diplomatic agency of any importance was compromised to some extent by Soviet espionage.<ref>

| first = Hayden B.

| url = http://www.nwc.navy.mil/press/review/2000/summer/re2-su0.htm

| title = The Venona Progeny

| publisher = Naval War College Review, Summer 2000, Vol. LIII, No. 3

}} "Venona makes absolutely clear that they had active agents in the U.S. State Department, Treasury Department, Justice Department, Senate committee staffs, the military services, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the Manhattan Project, and the White House, as well as wartime agencies. No modern government was more thoroughly penetrated."</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

==References==

==References==

<references>

<references/>

==External link==

==External link==

 

[http://cryptome.org/fbi-nsa.htm ''Explanation and History of Venona Project Informantion''], FBI Memo Belmont to Boardman, Feb. 1, 1956.

[http://cryptome.org/fbi-nsa.htm ''Explanation and History of Venona Project Informantion''], FBI Memo Belmont to Boardman, Feb. 1, 1956.