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| | |[[Abraham]] | | |[[Abraham]] |
| − | |2000 B.C.: father of Jewish people, made a covenant with God; Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael. | + | |2000 BC: father of Jewish people, made a covenant with God; Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael. |
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| | |[[Acropolis]] | | |[[Acropolis]] |
| | |part of a Greek city-state that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Example: where the democratic assembly met in Athens. | | |part of a Greek city-state that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Example: where the democratic assembly met in Athens. |
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| − | |the [[Academy]] | + | |[[Plato's Academy|the Academy]] |
| − | |Founded by Plato, this was the first great center of learning | + | |Founded by the Greek philosopher Plato in 387 BC, this was the world's first great center of learning. |
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| | |[[Aesop]] | | |[[Aesop]] |
| − | |a Greek writer famous for writing ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'' around 600 B.C., such as "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing," to teach life lessons. | + | |a Greek writer famous for writing ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'' around 600 BC, such as "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing," to teach life lessons |
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| | |[[Alexander the Great]] | | |[[Alexander the Great]] |
| − | |356-323 B.C.: brn to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but not India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language, helping the future expansion of [[Christianity]]. | + | |356-323 BC: born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but not India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language, helping the future expansion of [[Christianity]]. |
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| | |[[Alexandria]] | | |[[Alexandria]] |
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| | |[[Analects]] | | |[[Analects]] |
| − | |a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 B.C. | + | |a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 BC |
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| | |[[Ancient world]] | | |[[Ancient world]] |
| − | |civilizations before the fall of the Western [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476. | + | |civilizations before the fall of the Western [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476 |
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| | |[[Aeneid]] | | |[[Aeneid]] |
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| | |[[Archimedes]] | | |[[Archimedes]] |
| − | |287–212 B.C. Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans. | + | |287–212 BC: Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans. |
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| | |[[Archons]] | | |[[Archons]] |
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| | |[[Arianism]] | | |[[Arianism]] |
| − | |False doctrine during the Roman Empire. Stated that Jesus was an exceptional teacher but was not God. | + | |a heresy (false doctrine) claiming that Jesus was not God |
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| − | |[[Aristocracy]] | + | |[[aristocracy]] |
| − | |"Rule by the best": aristocrats were generally wealthy and privileged. European feudal government resembled aristocracy, and some governments in ancient Greece were aristocracies. | + | |rule by the wealthy and privileged, rather than by democracy |
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| | |[[Aristotle]] | | |[[Aristotle]] |
| − | |384 to 322 B.C. Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Focused on experience with the physical world; studied biology and founded a school, the Lyceum, resembling a university with specimens and a library. | + | |384-322 BC: Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Emphasized the value of experience, and founded the Lyceum (a school resembling a university with specimens and a library) |
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| | |[[Art of Warfare]] | | |[[Art of Warfare]] |
| − | |First military treatise; written by Sun Tzu. Reflects the insight shared by ancient Chinese culture. | + | |first military treatise; written by Sun Tzu and telling the insights of ancient Chinese culture |
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| | |[[Assyrian Empire]] | | |[[Assyrian Empire]] |
| − | |1400-605 B.C. First dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722, but destroyed by Medians in the 600s. | + | |1400-605 BC: was first dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC. |
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| | |[[Athens]] | | |[[Athens]] |
| − | |Greek city-state. Democracy begun by Pericles in 5th century B.C. Previously ruled by aristocrats. First democracy in the world and a great naval power. Rival with Persia but united to defeat invading Persians. | + | |birthplace of democracy in the 400s BC, Athens was a Greek city-state previously ruled by aristocrats. It defeat invading Persians. |
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| | |[[Attila the Hun]] | | |[[Attila the Hun]] |
| − | |Last and greatest ruler of the Huns; feared so much that his nickname was "Scourge of God." Fought against the eastern Roman Empire and then fought the western Roman Empire throughout the mid AD 400s. Almost defeated, but then almost sacked Rome until talked out of it by Pope Leo I. | + | |(AD 406-453): last and greatest ruler of the Huns, called the "Scourge of God"; almost defeated the Roman empire but was talked out of looting Rome by Pope Leo I. |
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| | |[[Augustus Caesar]] | | |[[Augustus Caesar]] |
| − | |the first Roman Emperor (27 B.C.-14 A.D.), and ruled during the birth of Christ. | + | |the first Roman Emperor (27 BC-14 AD); ruled during the birth of Christ |
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| | |[[Babylon]] | | |[[Babylon]] |
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| | |[[Plato]] | | |[[Plato]] |
| − | |Greek (Athens) philosopher who taught philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics to students, including Aristotle. | + | |Greek (Athens) philosopher who taught emphasized the value of logic, while his student Aristotle preferred the value of experience. |
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| | |[[Pompey the Great]] | | |[[Pompey the Great]] |