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|[[Voltaire]]

|[[Voltaire]]

|(1694-1778) Famous French Enlightenment philosopher. Voltaire taught of absolute freedom, but resulting revolution devolved into mindless bloodshed. Nevertheless Voltaire was the leader of the enlightenment and greatest figure in the Enlightenment.

|(1694-1778) French philosopher who was perhaps the greatest figure in the Enlightment, Voltaire favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and whose ideas led to French Revolution, senseless murdering, and the destruction of churches

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|[[nation-state]]

|[[nation-state]]

|(1712-1778) a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and laid the groundwork for future [[communist]] writers such as [[Karl Marx]]; Rousseau declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice, but this led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches

|(1712-1778) a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and laid the groundwork for future [[communist]] writers such as [[Karl Marx]]; Rousseau declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice, but this led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches

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|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]

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|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire.  It was Leibniz, not Newton, who first published the notation for the integral: <math>\int_a^b f(x)dx</math>

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|Treaty of Westphalia

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|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as Austria and Spain.  Catholic France had sided with the winning Protestants in order to oppose the Holy Roman Empire, and France emerged strengthened and more unified as a result.

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|Thirty Years’ War

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|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany brought by Bohemian Protestants resisting against Hapsburg Catholics who were suppressing religious freedom; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and The Holy Roman Empire in the conflict, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won

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|Zulus

|Zulus