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| | |[[Age of Exploration]] | | |[[Age of Exploration]] |
| − | |(1450-1650) A time period when nation-states in Europe (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) embarked on expeditions to distant lands. The American continents were discovered during this period. | + | |(1450-1650) a time period when European nation-states (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) explored distant lands, including the American continents |
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| | |American Revolution | | |American Revolution |
| − | |A revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence; it was caused by overtaxation by England, and the Patriots won with the help of the French; the Treaty of Paris, signed in 1783, ended it. | + | |a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; the Patriots won with the help of the French, and the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended this war |
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| | |[[balance of power]] | | |[[balance of power]] |
| − | |the concept, first established by Europeon nations after the final defeat of Napoleon, whereby alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too power and started invading others. | + | |first established by Europeon nations after the final defeat of Napoleon: alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too powerful and started invading others |
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| | |[[Bastille Day]] | | |[[Bastille Day]] |
| − | |(July 14, 1789) The day when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, when riots broke out ever day, with peasants burning wealthy homes. | + | |(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes |
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| | |[[Big Bang]] | | |[[Big Bang]] |
| − | |the scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever | + | |a scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever |
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| | |[[Niels Bohr]] | | |[[Niels Bohr]] |
| − | |physicist. He won a 1922 Nobel Prize for his investigation of atomic structure and radiations. His son Aage Niels Bohr (born 1922), also a physicist, shared a 1975 Nobel Prize for discovering the asymmetry of atomic nuclei. | + | |a Danish physicist in the early 1900s who discovered the atomic structure and helped develop quantum mechanics |
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| | |[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]] | | |[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]] |
| − | |(1759–1794) Famous Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the reign of terror and started to change his mind. Danton was subsequently executed. | + | |(1759–1794) a Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the reign of terror and started to change his mind; then he was executed |
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| | |[[caravel]] | | |[[caravel]] |
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| | |[[Charles Darwin]] | | |[[Charles Darwin]] |
| − | |(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of "natural selection," or "survival of the fittest." | + | |(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of "natural selection," or "survival of the fittest" |
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| | |[[Charles Dickens]] | | |[[Charles Dickens]] |
| − | |(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor. Author of many iconic novels and characters whom we admire to this day. | + | |(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor and invented colorful characters like "Scrooge" |
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| | |[[Christopher Columbus]] | | |[[Christopher Columbus]] |
| − | |(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India, and discovered the "New World" (the Caribbean) | + | |(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the "New World" by reaching the Caribbean |
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| | |[[David Ricardo]] | | |[[David Ricardo]] |
| − | |(1772-1823) A British classical economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations. | + | |(1772-1823) a classical British economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations |
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| | |[[David Livingstone]] | | |[[David Livingstone]] |
| − | |Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile. | + | |Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile |
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| | |[[Albert Einstein]] | | |[[Albert Einstein]] |
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| | |[[England]] | | |[[England]] |
| − | |An imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe, which established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s. | + | |an imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; ir established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today |
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| − | |[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
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| − | |Led a rebellion against the U.S. to establish freedom in the Philippines in 1899.
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| − | |[[Emiliano Zapata]]
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| − | |Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.
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| | |[[Expressionism]] | | |[[Expressionism]] |
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| | |[[Glorious Revolution]] | | |[[Glorious Revolution]] |
| | |Revolution that took place in England in 1688, and replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary. | | |Revolution that took place in England in 1688, and replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary. |
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| | + | |[[Great Depression]] |
| | + | |A worldwide economic crisis when many parts of the world experienced a period of low business activity. The Great Depression is known as one of the longest, most widespread depression of the 20th century. |
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| | |[[imperialism]] | | |[[imperialism]] |
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| | |The newspaper that Karl Marz wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843. | | |The newspaper that Karl Marz wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843. |
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| − | |[[Great Depression]] | + | |[[Emilio Aguinaldo]] |
| − | |A worldwide economic crisis when many parts of the world experienced a period of low business activity. The Great Depression is known as one of the longest, most widespread depression of the 20th century. | + | |Led a rebellion against the U.S. to establish freedom in the Philippines in 1899. |
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| | + | |[[Emiliano Zapata]] |
| | + | |Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution. |
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| | |[[Guillotine]] | | |[[Guillotine]] |