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Due to intense religious persecution of Penn's Quakers in [[England]], Penn and other prominent Quakers prepared for an emigration to [[America]], purchasing West Jersey in 1677, and later East Jersey in 1682 (the halves of [[New Jersey]]).<ref name=janney /> Penn in May 1680<ref name=phmc /> petitioned [[King Charles II]] for land between Lord Baltimore's province of Maryland, and the province of York belonging to the Duke of York.<ref name=founding /> Penn agreed to forgive the Crown its £16,000 debt due the Penn family in exchange for land on which to build a colony for England's persecuted minorities.<ref name=phmc /> On March 4, 1681, King Charles II granted a generous [[charter]] to Penn which was officially proclaimed on April 2, making him the [[sole proprietor]] of modern-day Pennsylvania, in addition to the Jersey territory they had purchased.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa01.asp Charter for the Province of Pennsylvania-1681]." Lillian Goldman Law Library. ''Yale Law School''. The Avalon Project. Accessed April 18, 2012.</ref> In 1682, the Duke of York, later King James II of England, also gave to Penn the state of Delaware as well,<ref name=founding /> a total of more than 16 million acres. While Penn wanted the new territory named "New Wales" or "Silvania" ([[Latin]] for 'forest'), King Charles II insisted that it be called Pennsylvania in honor of Penn's father, the Admiral.<ref name=phmc /> In 1682 another royal grant included what later became the state of Delaware.

Due to intense religious persecution of Penn's Quakers in [[England]], Penn and other prominent Quakers prepared for an emigration to [[America]], purchasing West Jersey in 1677, and later East Jersey in 1682 (the halves of [[New Jersey]]).<ref name=janney /> Penn in May 1680<ref name=phmc /> petitioned [[King Charles II]] for land between Lord Baltimore's province of Maryland, and the province of York belonging to the Duke of York.<ref name=founding /> Penn agreed to forgive the Crown its £16,000 debt due the Penn family in exchange for land on which to build a colony for England's persecuted minorities.<ref name=phmc /> On March 4, 1681, King Charles II granted a generous [[charter]] to Penn which was officially proclaimed on April 2, making him the [[sole proprietor]] of modern-day Pennsylvania, in addition to the Jersey territory they had purchased.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa01.asp Charter for the Province of Pennsylvania-1681]." Lillian Goldman Law Library. ''Yale Law School''. The Avalon Project. Accessed April 18, 2012.</ref> In 1682, the Duke of York, later King James II of England, also gave to Penn the state of Delaware as well,<ref name=founding /> a total of more than 16 million acres. While Penn wanted the new territory named "New Wales" or "Silvania" ([[Latin]] for 'forest'), King Charles II insisted that it be called Pennsylvania in honor of Penn's father, the Admiral.<ref name=phmc /> In 1682 another royal grant included what later became the state of Delaware.

==== Early History ====

==== Early History ====

Penn promoted successful Quaker colonization in New Jersey, for which he designed the famous "Concession and Agreements," his earliest governmental program. By the charter for Pennsylvania Penn was made proprietary of the province. He was supreme governor with the power of making laws with the advice of the freemen, of appointing officers, and of granting pardons. The laws were to contain nothing contrary to English law; appels were possible to the Crown and the privy council. Parliament was to be supreme in all questions of trade and commerce; the right to levy taxes and customs was reserved to England; an agent to represent Penn was to reside in London. In case of neglect on the part of Penn, the Crown could reclaim the colony (as happend in 1692-94).

Penn promoted successful Quaker colonization in New Jersey, for which he designed the famous "Concession and Agreements," his earliest governmental program. By the charter for Pennsylvania Penn was made proprietary ruler of the province. He was supreme governor with the power of making laws with the advice of the freemen, of appointing officers, and of granting pardons. The laws were to contain nothing contrary to English law, appeals were possible to the Crown and the Privy Council. Parliament was to be supreme in all questions of trade and commerce; the right to levy taxes and customs was reserved to England, and an agent to represent Penn was to reside in London. In case of neglect on the part of Penn, the Crown could reclaim the colony (as happened in 1692-94).

Penn called Pennsylvania a "Holy Experiment." His four "Frames of Government" of 1682, 1683, 1696, and 1701, and his Indian policy, charted the course of Pennsylvania's colonial history and had a long-term impact on several state constitutions. He went to Pennsylvania in 1682-1684, as he founded and planned the city of Philadelphia; he visited the colony again from 1699 to 1701. Meanwhile, he devoted most of his attention to writings and missionary work in England to promote Quakerism.

Penn called Pennsylvania a "Holy Experiment." His four "Frames of Government" of 1682, 1683, 1696, 1701, and his Indian policy, charted the course of Pennsylvania's colonial history and had a long-term impact on several state constitutions. He went to Pennsylvania in 1682-1684 as he founded and planned the city of Philadelphia and visited the colony again from 1699 to 1701. Meanwhile, he devoted most of his attention to writings and missionary work in England to promote Quakerism.

Penn's advertising campaign to promote his new colony was the most successful effort in colonial recruitment since the Puritans founded Massachusetts in the 1630s. During 1682-83, he recruited 50 shiploads of passengers. This success provided the momentum to launch the Quaker colony. Penn and his agents used numerous techniques and appeals to attract settlers to Pennsylvania. Normally, he was able to recruit from districts in England and Ireland where Quakerism was strong or where he had personally spent much time and was well-known. His efforts to attract religious minorities in Germany proved especially successful. Despite his ability to attract settlers and sell a fairly large amount of real estate, however, he made little profit from the venture, and for a time languished in a debtor's prison. The selling of Pennsylvania was a grand financial success for all - except for Penn himself.

Penn's advertising campaign to promote his new colony was the most successful effort in colonial recruitment since the Puritans founded Massachusetts in the 1630s. During 1682-83 he recruited 50 shiploads of passengers. This success provided the momentum to launch the Quaker colony. Penn and his agents used numerous techniques and appeals to attract settlers to Pennsylvania. Normally he was able to recruit from districts in England and Ireland where Quakerism was strong or where he had personally spent much time and was well-known. His efforts to attract religious minorities in Germany proved especially successful. Despite his ability to attract settlers and sell a fairly large amount of real estate he made little profit from the venture, and for a time languished in a debtor's prison. The selling of Pennsylvania was a grand financial success for all - except for Penn himself.

Penn's failure to govern Pennsylvania effectively can be traced to his absence from the colony during 1684-99, his constant tampering with the mechanisms of governance, and his insufficient respect for his subjects. The hierarchical model of government he supported was liberal for the day, but still provided the Quaker settlers with less power than they wanted.

Penn's failure to govern Pennsylvania effectively can be traced to his absence from the colony during 1684-99, his constant tampering with the mechanisms of governance, and his insufficient respect for his subjects. The hierarchical model of government he supported was liberal for the day, but still provided the Quaker settlers with less power than they wanted.

==== Native relations ====

==== Native relations ====

Penn's government, unusually, is renowned for its cordial relations with Native Americans. Even though Penn was granted his territory by King Charles II, he refused to grant or settle it without first buying it from the Native Americans who lived there<ref>http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/PENN/pnind.html</ref><ref>"[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/wu01/vc/visitor_info/pa_history/II.htm The Founding of Pennsylvania]." The Quaker Province. ''Pennsylvania General Assembly''.</ref>, insisting on purchasing it through "peaceful, voluntary exchanges", and even learned Indian dialects himself so that he could conduct negotiations without interpreters.<ref name=powell /> By 1668 he had purchased all but the northwestern third of Pennsylvania, and in 1684 and 1689 additionally purchased the Six Nation's claims to the rest of the land, as well as claims from the Delawares and Wyandots in 1685.<ref name=founding /> Penn maintained peaceful relations with the Native Americans, and was well-respected by the Susquehannocks, Shawnees, and Leni-Lenape for his courage, because he would walk among them without guards or weapons, and was an incredible sprinter who could out-run Indian braves. Penn's conclusion of a "Great Treaty" at Shackamaxon near the present-day Kensington district of Philadelphia was lauded by Voltaire as "the only treaty between those people [Indians and Christians] that was not ratified by an oath, and that was never infringed."<ref name=powell /> Penn also recognized citizenship rights of Swedish, Dutch, and Finnish settlers living in the newly acquired Delaware River Valley.<ref>"[http://www.amphilsoc.org/exhibits/treasures/charter.htm William Penn, Charter of Privileges for the Province of Pennsylvania, 1701]." Treasures of the APS. ''American Philosophical Society''.</ref>

Penn's government, unusually, is renowned for its cordial relations with Native Americans. Even though Penn was granted his territory by King Charles II, he refused to grant or settle it without first buying it from the Native Americans who lived there<ref>http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/PENN/pnind.html</ref><ref>"[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/wu01/vc/visitor_info/pa_history/II.htm The Founding of Pennsylvania]." The Quaker Province. ''Pennsylvania General Assembly''.</ref>, insisting on purchasing it through "peaceful, voluntary exchanges", and even learned Indian dialects himself so that he could conduct negotiations without interpreters.<ref name=powell /> By 1668 he had purchased all but the northwestern third of Pennsylvania, and in 1684 and 1689 additionally purchased the Six Nation's claims to the rest of the land, as well as claims from the Delawares and Wyandots in 1685.<ref name=founding /> Penn maintained peaceful relations with the Native Americans, and was well-respected by the Susquehannocks, Shawnees, and Leni-Lenape for his courage, because he would walk among them without guards or weapons, and was an incredible sprinter who could out-run Indian braves. Penn's conclusion of a "Great Treaty" at Shackamaxon near the present-day Kensington district of Philadelphia was lauded by Voltaire as "the only treaty between those people [Indians and Christians] that was not ratified by an oath, and that was never infringed."<ref name=powell /> Penn also recognized citizenship rights of Swedish, Dutch, and Finnish settlers living in the newly acquired Delaware River Valley.<ref>"[http://www.amphilsoc.org/exhibits/treasures/charter.htm William Penn, Charter of Privileges for the Province of Pennsylvania, 1701]." Treasures of the APS. ''American Philosophical Society''.</ref>