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:<math>R_{\mu\nu}-(R/2)g_{\mu\nu}+\Lambda g_{\mu\nu}=8\pi T_{\mu\nu}</math>,
:<math>R_{\mu\nu}-(R/2)g_{\mu\nu}+\Lambda g_{\mu\nu}=8\pi T_{\mu\nu}</math>,
where <math>R_{\mu\nu}</math> is Ricci tensor, <math>R</math> is its contraction, <math>g_{\mu\nu}</math> is metric tensor of spacetime, and <math>T_{\mu\nu}</math> is stress-energy tensor.
where <math>R_{\mu\nu}</math> is Ricci tensor, <math>R</math> is its contraction, <math>g_{\mu\nu}</math> is metric tensor of spacetime, and <math>T_{\mu\nu}</math> is stress-energy tensor.
Einstein added this '''cosmological constant''' to his field equation to make the universe stationary (neither expanding nor contracting) which it works when the '''cosmological constant''' has so called Einstein value
Einstein added this '''cosmological constant''' to his field equation to make the universe stationary (neither expanding nor contracting) which it works when the '''cosmological constant''' has so called Einstein value
:<math>\Lambda_E=4\pi G \rho/c^2</math>,
:<math>\Lambda_E=4\pi G \rho/c^2</math>,
where <math>G</math> is Newtonian gravitational constant, <math>\rho</math> is density of space, and <math>c</math> is speed of light in vacuum.
where <math>G</math> is Newtonian gravitational constant, <math>\rho</math> is density of space, and <math>c</math> is speed of light in vacuum.
It turned out to be not necessary in his equation but the [[relativists]] don't know it and Einstein didn't leave any instructions about what to replace it with and that's why the [[relativists]] have still problem with this constant. I'm not credible enough even to those from my school where I'm right now doing my PhD in general realativity, to let me publish my paper ''"Huble redshift in Einstein's universe"'' demonstrating that our universe with its [[Hubble redshift]] is stationary [[Einstein's universe]] and the redshift is produced by [[time dilation]] coupled to the [[curvature of space]].
==Historical background==
In 1915 Einstein introduced the field equation that placed into balance and found equal the curvature at one side and mass on the other. He hoped that the equations of [[general relativity]] would determine a single universe model without any beginning or end. For reasons he could never make clear, he found universe so conceived particulary satisfying and he managed to find a solution to his own equations that specified universe of that sort, static and unchanged forever. A.G. Riess declares that Einstein's original idea was to have constant amount of energy in the space.<ref name="RiessNobel"/> When in 1920s Russian mathematician A.Friedman (1924)<ref name="Friedman">{{cite web
|author=Alexander Friedmann
|title=Über die Möglichkeit einer Welt mit konstanter negativer Krümmung des Raumes
|publisher=Zeitschrift für Physik
|volume=21
|issue=1
|pages=326-332
|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1924ZPhy...21..326F
|doi=10.1007/BF01328280
|language=German}}</ref> and Belgian catholic priest and professor of physics G.Lemaître (1927)<ref>{{Cite web|author=G. Lemaître |title=Un Univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques |journal=Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles |volume=47 |page=49 |month=April |year=1927 |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1927ASSB...47...49L&defaultprint=YES&filetype=.pdf |language=French}}</ref> independently found that Einstein's gravitational field equations of [[General relativity|general relativity]] have non-static cosmological solution<ref name="Devils">{{Cite book
| author = David Berlinski
| title = The Devil’s Delusion
| publisher = Basic Books, New York, 2009
| isbn = 978-0-465-01937-3
| pages = 77
|chapter = The Cause
| url=http://www.davidberlinski.org/devils-delusion/about.php
| quote = }}</ref> implying an [[Expanding universe|expanding universe]] or collapsing<ref name="DismantlingBB">{{cite book|author=Alex Williams, John Hartnett|title=Dismantling the Big Bang|publisher=Master Books|location=Green Forest, AR, USA|year=2005|pages=110|isbn=978-0-89051-437-5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EvN9Gfbox74C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dismantling+Big&source=bl&ots=uuIXDOw4ld&sig=wWFH6PJy2ZW5JQc8N59jTX5FVd0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9WlsUJ-cJ8bGtAasp4H4Bg&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=CSR&f=false|quote=}}</ref>, Einstein, wishing to cancel out expansion, suggested modification to his field equations by adding a so-called cosmological term.<ref name="CSR">{{cite book
|author=Moshe Carmeli
|title=Cosmological Special Relativity, The Large-Scale Structure of Space, Time and Velocity, 2nd Edition
|publisher=World Scientific Publishing
|year=2002
|pages=2, 168
|url=http://www.creationbookpublishers.com/products/Without-Excuse.html
|isbn=9-789-02-4936-5
|quote=
}}</ref> Before long, after Hubble's interpretation of new discoveries as expanding universe in 1929, the role of cosmological constant aiming to allow static homogeneous solutions to field equations in presence of matter seemed finished. Einstein called <math>\Lambda</math> ''"the biggest blunder of my life"''. In general, a positive <math>\Lambda</math> causes acceleration to the universe expansion, whereas negative <math>\Lambda</math> and ordinary matter tend to decelerate it.<ref name="CSR"/> When the ''Supernova Cosmology Project Collaboration'' and ''High-Z Supernova Team Collaboration'' started their research at the beginning of 1990s, both prevailing mainstream cosmological models assumed decelerating universe scenarios. The processing of collected data from research observations however indicated that the universe is accelerating and requires something like non-zero cosmological constant.<ref name="RiessNobel">{{cite web
|author=A.G.Riess
|title=Nobel Prize (in Physics 2011) lecture slides on ''Supernovae Reveal An Accelerating Universe (A Science Adventure Story)''
|url=http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCQQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2011%2Friess-lecture_slides.pdf&ei=UmtoUOXlN8nXtAahmoCQDw&usg=AFQjCNEJJaEdSL2En2TjIaOTiQ5-Gtz-rQ&sig2=iGSgSzY2T-OO8pj-xAAaEw
}}</ref> The first paper on new discovery was submitted in May 1998<ref>{{cite web
|author=A.G.Riess et al.
|title=Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant
|publisher=Astrophysics
|year=1998
|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9805201
|iisue=116
|doi=10.1086/300499
|pages=1009-1038
}}</ref> and in December the same year the new discovery of the accelerating universe was declared to be a "breakthrough of the year" in the journal ''Science''.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/1998/dec/18/science-chooses-accelerating-universe-as-breakthrough-of-the
|title=Science chooses accelerating universe as "Breakthrough of the Year"
|date=Dec 18, 1998
|publisher=IOP Publishing, A website from the Institute of Physics, physicsworld.com
|acessdate=4.10.2012}}</ref>
According to [[John Hartnett|J.Hartnett]], it would be fair to state that most cosmologist would like the requirement for cosmological constant to disappear altogether. He interprets its extremely small value as a possible evidence for fine-tuned universe.<ref name="DismantlingBB"/>
The 2011 Nobel Laureate in Physics, Brian P. Schmidt was asked in 2011 the question "what is causing the universe to expand at accelerating rate?" which he answered by words that it is a big mystery why space should have energy at all, people around the world are scratching their heads to figure out but as of today there has not been lot progress yet.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Nobel Laureates 2011
|publisher=nobelprize.org
|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1760
|accessdate=4.10.2012}}</ref>
It has been however declared that [[Moshe Carmeli|Carmeli]]'s theory which has no explicit cosmological constant implies its equivalence of <math>\Lambda</math> = 1.934 × 10-35 s-2 and this value is supposed to be in excellent agreement with measurements.<ref name="Cosmological Constant">{{cite web|author=Moshe Carmeli|date=20 November 2002|title=Fundamental Approach to the Cosmological Constant Issue|journal=International Journal of Modern Physics A|volume=17|issue=29|pages=|doi=10.1142/S0217751X02013253|url=www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0217751X02013253}}</ref> The 'force' pushing the universe apart, which invokes the ideas about [[dark energy]] is more correctly just a property of the correct metric.<ref name="starlight">{{cite book| last = Hartnett| first = John| authorlink = | title = Starlight, Time and the New Physics| publisher = Creation Ministries International| series = | year = 2007| doi = | isbn = 978-0-949-906687|pages=154|quote=}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category: Cosmology]]
[[Category: Cosmology]]
[[Category: Physics]]
[[Category: Physics]]