Changes

==Erasmus==

==Erasmus==

Erasmus, a Dutch Catholic, published the earliest version of TR in Basel in 1516.  Erasmus had produced a new Latin translation of the New Testament. He added a Greek text to his book as an afterthought, a tool to support his Latin translation. It was put together hurriedly, and on the basis of whatever manuscripts happened to be available locally in Basel. Yet this text struck a chord with a reading public hungry for access to the original. Erasmus used the following manuscripts to produce Textus Receptus:

Erasmus, a Dutch Catholic, published the first edition of TR in Basel in 1516.  Erasmus had produced a new Latin translation of the New Testament. He added a Greek text to his book as an afterthought, a tool to support his Latin translation. It was put together hurriedly, and on the basis of whatever manuscripts happened to be available locally in Basel. Yet this text struck a chord with a reading public hungry for access to the original. Erasmus used the following manuscripts to produce Textus Receptus:

:*Codex 1^eap This 12th century miniscule contains the entire New Testament except Revelation. It is the only TR manuscript not of the Byzantine type. Erasmus made little use of it as he believed it to be corrupt.

:*Codex 1^eap This 12th century miniscule contains the entire New Testament except Revelation. It is the only TR manuscript not of the Byzantine type. Erasmus made little use of it as he believed it to be corrupt.

:*Codex 4^ap A 15th century miniscule of Acts and the epistles.

:*Codex 4^ap A 15th century miniscule of Acts and the epistles.

:*Codex 7^p An 11th miniscule of the epistles.

:*Codex 7^p An 11th miniscule of the epistles.

:*Codex 817 A 15th century miniscule of the Gospels.<ref>Combs, William W., "[http://www.dbts.edu/journals/1996_1/ERASMUS.PDF Erasmus and Textus Receptus]", ''Detroit Baptist Seminary Journal''</ref>

:*Codex 817 A 15th century miniscule of the Gospels.<ref>Combs, William W., "[http://www.dbts.edu/journals/1996_1/ERASMUS.PDF Erasmus and Textus Receptus]", ''Detroit Baptist Seminary Journal'', Spring 1996.</ref>

Erasmus did little in the way of textual criticism. His Gospels are taken directly from Codex 2^e, Acts and epistles from 2^ap, and Revelation from 1^r. Where these manuscripts had gaps, back-translations from the [[Vulgate]] were used. In fact, 2^e and 2^ap were sent directly to the printer for typesetting. Erasmus’ handwritten annotations can be seen between the lines, although the printer often ignored these. 1^r could not be treated the same way because it mixes text and annotation. Erasmus sorted these out by referring to the Vulgate. As a result of this haphazard process, there were numerous typographical errors in the first edition. However, most of these were corrected in a second edition issued in 1519. There were subsequent editions in 1522, 1527, and 1535.

The Gospels were taken directly from Codex 2^e, Acts and epistles from 2^ap, and Revelation from 1^r. Where these manuscripts had gaps, back-translations from the [[Vulgate]] were used. In fact, 2^e and 2^ap were sent directly to the printer for typesetting. Erasmus’ handwritten annotations can be seen between the lines, although the printer often ignored these. 1^r could not be treated this way because it mixes text and annotation. Erasmus separated these by referring to the Vulgate. As a result of this haphazard process, there were numerous typographical errors in the first edition.

 

Some 400 corrections were made for the second edition (1519). Erasmus obtained access to 3^eap, a nearly complete New Testament text. But there is no indication that he made much use of it. Many readers criticized the first two editions of TR because they lacked the ''Comma Johanneum'' found in the Vulgate.<ref>"the Father, the Word, and the Holy Spirit; and these three are one." (NKJV 1 John 5:7b–8a). No church leader cited this passage during the Trinitarian controversies of the fourth century, so it does not appear to have been part of scripture at that time.</ref> Erasmus added it to the third edition (1522), citing Codex 61. This was a recently produced manuscript, probably a response to TR. Although Erasmus was skeptical of this manuscript, he thought it wiser to reverse himself. For the 1527 edition, Erasmus further revised the text using the ''Complutensian Polyglot'', a Greek text edited by Francisco Jiménez. A final edition was published in 1535.

==Later texts==

==Later texts==